Poly-gamma-glutamic acid(γ-PGA)is a natural,edible and non-toxic polymer synthesized by Bacillus subtilis and is suggested as a safe biomaterial for the use in hydrogels and vaccine adjuvants.However,the effect ofγ-...Poly-gamma-glutamic acid(γ-PGA)is a natural,edible and non-toxic polymer synthesized by Bacillus subtilis and is suggested as a safe biomaterial for the use in hydrogels and vaccine adjuvants.However,the effect ofγ-PGA on inflammasome activation has not yet been studied in macrophages.Inflammasomes,which are intracellular multi-protein complexes,promote acute and chronic inflammation via interleukin-1βor interleukin-18 maturation,and they are known targets for metabolic syndromes and cancer.In this study,we observed thatγ-PGA attenuated NLRP3,NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasome activation,whereas it upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human and murine macrophages.Althoughγ-PGA had conflicting effects on cytokine production and maturation,it clearly alleviated the severity of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock in an animal model.Thus,we suggestγ-PGA as a candidate to control inflammasome-mediated disorders.展开更多
We demonstrate a bidirectional WDM self-healing ring network for hub/remote nodes with one fiber. In this network, self-healing can be achieved within 8 ms. The transmission capacity can be doubled in the operating st...We demonstrate a bidirectional WDM self-healing ring network for hub/remote nodes with one fiber. In this network, self-healing can be achieved within 8 ms. The transmission capacity can be doubled in the operating state.展开更多
基金We thank Young Jin Kim(Korea Food Research Institute)for providing the cheonggukjang extractsThis research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology(NRF-2015R1A2A2A01004183).
文摘Poly-gamma-glutamic acid(γ-PGA)is a natural,edible and non-toxic polymer synthesized by Bacillus subtilis and is suggested as a safe biomaterial for the use in hydrogels and vaccine adjuvants.However,the effect ofγ-PGA on inflammasome activation has not yet been studied in macrophages.Inflammasomes,which are intracellular multi-protein complexes,promote acute and chronic inflammation via interleukin-1βor interleukin-18 maturation,and they are known targets for metabolic syndromes and cancer.In this study,we observed thatγ-PGA attenuated NLRP3,NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasome activation,whereas it upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human and murine macrophages.Althoughγ-PGA had conflicting effects on cytokine production and maturation,it clearly alleviated the severity of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock in an animal model.Thus,we suggestγ-PGA as a candidate to control inflammasome-mediated disorders.
文摘We demonstrate a bidirectional WDM self-healing ring network for hub/remote nodes with one fiber. In this network, self-healing can be achieved within 8 ms. The transmission capacity can be doubled in the operating state.
