Inoculation of Chlorella and Food Waste Improves the Physio-Morphological Features of Red Pepper by Regulating Activating Antioxidant Defense System

Food waste is recognized as a valuable source for potential agricultural applications to supply organic matter and nutrients to arable soil.However,the information on the combined application of food waste and the plant growth-promoting bacterial strain,Chlorella,related to plant metabolic features and sodium chloride content in arable soil is limited.The present study was conducted to investigate the exogenous application of food waste along with Chlorella,which improved the physio-morphological features of red pepper.Our results revealed that this combination enhanced the organic matter in the soil,ultimately improving the fertility rate of the soil,and the physio-morphological features,such as chlorophyll a content(24.5±0.7),root(7.8±0.7)cm and shoot length(12.1±0.7)cm,fresh weight(2.1±0.05)g,dry weight(0.19±0.05)g,mineral contents,and hormonal concentration(ABA by up to 2 folds).The combined treatment also minimized free radicals via the activation of the intrinsic antioxidant series cascade and electrolyte leakage.Our findings showed that adding Chlorella and food wastes improved growth characteristics and can be used as a green bio-fertilizer for sustainable agriculture.

Doubled haploid production in advanced back cross generations and molecular cytogenetic characterization of rye chromatin in triticale×wheat derived doubled haploid lines

The rye genome has shown potential for improvement of bread wheat,where wheat-rye substitutions and translocations have been and are frequently used in resistance breeding.Crosses belongs to different generations viz.,BC_(1)F_(1),BC_(1)F_(2),BC_(1)F_(3),BC_(1)F_(4)and BC_(2)F_(3)of triticale×wheat derived were used for different haploid induction parameters using Gogon grass(Imperata cylindrica)as a pollen source.The percentage of pseudo seed formation ranged from 34.55%for BC_(1)F_(2)to 63.77 for BC_(1)F_(1)crosses,the haploid embryo formation ranges from 9.43%for BC_(1)F_(1)to 30.2%for BC_(1)F_(2),the haploid plant generation ranges from 19.36%for BC_(1)F_(2)to 63.25%for BC_(1)F_(1).Four doubled haploids were developed from ITSN 105/58-VL 802-VL 802 of BC_(2)F_(3)underwent molecular cytogenetic analyses using the probes,viz.,rye genomic rDNA,pSc 119 and pAs1.FISH and GISH analysis revealed an IBL.1RS translocation and substitution of 5R chromosome instead of the 5D chromosomes in these doubled haploids.

Distribution,Etiology,Molecular Genetics and Management Perspectives of Northern Corn Leaf Blight of Maize(Zea mays L.)

Maize is cultivated extensively throughout the world and has the highest production among cereals.However,Northern corn leaf blight(NCLB)disease caused by Exherohilum turcicum,is the most devastating limiting factor of maize production.The disease causes immense losses to corn yield if it develops prior or during the tasseling and silking stages of crop development.It has a worldwide distribution and its development is favoured by cool to moderate temperatures with high relative humidity.The prevalence of the disease has increased in recent years and new races of the pathogen have been reported worldwide.The fungus E.turcicum is highly variable in nature.Though different management strategies have proved effective to reduce economic losses from NCLB,the development of varieties with resistance to E.turcicum is the most efficient and inexpensive way for disease management.Qualitative resistance for NCLB governed by Ht genes is a race-specific resistance which leads to a higher level of resistance.However,some Ht genes can easily become ineffective under the high pressure of virulent strains of the pathogen.Hence,it is imperative to understand and examine the consistency of the genomic locations of quantitative trait loci for resistance to NCLB in diverse maize populations.The breeding approaches for pyramiding resistant genes against E.turcicum in maize can impart NCLB resistance under high disease pressure environments.Furthermore,the genome editing approaches like CRISPR-cas9 and RNAi can also prove vital for developing NCLB resistant maize cultivars.As such this review delivers emphasis on the importance and current status of the disease,racial spectrum of the pathogen,genetic nature and breeding approaches for resistance and management strategies of the disease in a sustainable manner.

Functional Role of miRNAs: Key Players in Soybean Improvement

Soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr)is an agro-economic crop growing across the world to cater nutrition for both human and animal feed due to the high oil and protein content in its edible seeds.The genes and QTLs associated with important agronomic traits in this crop have already been identified and validated for soybean cyst nematode(SCN),Phytophthora root and stem rot,Pythium root rot and aphid resistance,seed quality,nutrient values,and also employed for genetic improvement in soybean.In the last decade,micro RNAs(miRNAs)have been considered the effector molecules,so the detection and characterization of novel miRNAs in soybean have been taken up by several workers.The advancement in the strategy of sequencing and tools of bioinformatics during last decade has contributed to the discovery of many soybean miRNAs,thus miRNA can be used as a tool in molecular breeding studies,and this has opened new vistas for miRNA mediated genetic improvement of soybean to augment crop productivity as well as nutritional quality.This review addresses the current state of understanding of miRNAmediated stress responses,nutrient acquisition,plant development and crop production processes in soybean.