Changing Characteristic of Romantic Poetry in the 19th Century

Change is the law of nature. Every writer enriches literature by coining new ideas. As Aristotle disagreed with Plato by saying that poetry is not blind but creative imitation, and emotions if remain pent up in mind, would erupt sooner or later like a volcano. Later on Classics have written poetry either to praise kings and queens, or to reform the society, but Romantics like Aristotle ushered against Classics and penned down writings bearing entirely different characteristics than earlier poetry with creative imagination. This paper is captivating study of the meanings and changing characteristics of romantic poetry during 19th century. Romanticism means having a visionary, imaginative or emotional appeal, to give emotions upper hand over reason. It was not a sudden movement, tends and tendencies were already there, which reached to its climax in hands of Blake, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats and Byron, who awakened against Pope, Swift and Johnson. Romanticism has its origin in French revolution. The distinctive features of French revolution are freedom, brotherhood and equality. Romanticism was a revolt against the system through which they tried to change the status of common men. William Blake was foremost among romantics who believed that this vegetable world is, but only a shadow of the real world which is of imagination and attempted to convey the celestial message of love everywhere. In the poetry of Wordsworth and Coleridge, the naturalistic tendency remained more prominent, whereas Keats＇ and Shelley＇s poetry in a more specified sense was romantic marked by the emphasis on love of the supernatural, the marvelous and the exotic mythological world. Victorian poetry was not original like Romantics. Romantics introduced poetry bearing entirely different character than earlier poetry, with original ideas, whereas Victorian poets had written about social problems. Romantics were individualistically supreme in their ideas. Tennyson and Arnold took themes of their poetry from their surrounding, so no egoistic element was in the poetry of that century. Romantics introduced a change by plunging into imagination, whereas Victorians ended this trend by bringing readers into the world of realities, but there change was brought to provide momentarily relief and here its purpose was reformation.

Morpho-anatomical adaptations of dominantly grown wild Datura inoxia to wastewater resource:Productivity and ecological issues

With the increasing global water scarcity,wastewater irrigation has become widespread,but it can have detrimental ecological consequences.Although wastewater contains valuable nutrients for plants,improper treatment or the use of untreated wastewater in irrigation can negatively impact soil fertility and plant growth.This study is divided into two parts:firstly,a phytosociological survey was conducted to identify plant species with the highest importance value index(IVI)in the vicinity of wastewaterirrigated areas.Secondly,a comparative morpho-anatomical analysis was carried out to investigate the morpho-anatomical adaptations of the species with the highest IVI under wastewater irrigation compared to normal water irrigation.The results of the phytosociological survey revealed the presence of 51 plant species in the vicinity of the wastewater-irrigated areas,with varying relative densities and coverage.Datura inoxia exhibited the highest IVI(28.79),followed by Xanthium strumarium(24.34),while Lippia nodiflora showed the lowest IVI(1.86).The morphological growth of D.inoxia was superior under normal water irrigation,but the average root length was greater under wastewater irrigation.Regarding cell anatomy,cell thickness and cell area characteristics in the dermal,ground,and vascular tissues of the stem and root tended to be greater under wastewater treatment.However,the opposite trend was observed in leaf anatomical analysis,possibly due to the combined effect of wastewater and climatic conditions.Stem and root xylem thickness were greater under wastewater irrigation,whereas phloem thickness was higher under normal water irrigation.The number of vascular bundles in the stem,root,and leaf was higher under wastewater treatment compared to normal water irrigation,but their arrangement was circular in the latter and scattered under wastewater irrigation.Datura inoxia demonstrated strong adaptive potential under wastewater irrigation,as indicated by its highest relative density,coverage,and IVI,suggesting its suitability for phytoremediation.However,due to the low relative density,coverage,and IVI of many other species,the use of untreated wastewater for irrigation cannot be appreciated.