Exendin-4 attenuates pain-induced cognitive impairment by alleviating hippocampal neuroinflammation in a rat model of spinal nerve ligation

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor has anti-apoptotic,anti-inflammatory,and neuroprotective effects.It is now recognized that the occurrence and development of chronic pain are strongly associated with anti-inflammatory responses;however,it is not clear whether glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor regulates chronic pain via anti-inflammatory mechanisms.We explored the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor on nociception,cognition,and neuroinflammation in chronic pain.A rat model of chronic pain was established using left L5 spinal nerve ligation.The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 was intrathecally injected into rats from 10 to 21 days after spinal nerve ligation.Electrophysiological examinations showed that,after treatment with exendin-4,paw withdrawal frequency of the left limb was significantly reduced,and pain was relieved.In addition,in the Morris water maze test,escape latency increased and the time to reach the platform decreased following exendin-4 treatment.Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assays revealed an increase in the numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus,as well as an increase in the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha,interleukin 1 beta,and interleukin 6.All of these effects could be reversed by exendin-4 treatment.These findings suggest that exendin-4 can alleviate pain-induced neuroinflammatory responses and promote the recovery of cognitive function via the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor pathway.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University of China(approval No.WDRM 20171214)on September 22,2017.

Gonioscopy and Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in the Detection of Angle Closure in Patients with Shallow Anterior Chamber

Objective To assess the agreement between gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM) in detecting angle closure in Chinese patients with shallow anterior chamber. Methods An observational comparative study of the two different examination methods was conducted. Patients with normal intraocular pressure and temporal peripheral anterior chamber depth less than a quarter of corneal thickness based on slit lamp examination were included in this study from December 2007 to May 2009 in the outpatient clinic of First Hospital of Tsinghua University. Gonioscopy was performed with a Goldman goniolens in dark room first and followed by full beam light and indentation. If the filtering trabecular meshwork was invisible or any peripheral anterior synechia was found, that quadrant of the angle was considered closed. UBM was first undertaken in a darkened room then repeated with normal room lighting. If iridotrabecular apposition was showed, that quadrant of the angle was considered closed. The status of angle closure of each quadrant with different methods was recorded. Results 85 eyes of 46 patients were included in this study. The agreement between gonioscopy and UBM was poor(κ<0.4) with Kappa analysis in both dark and light conditions in each quadrant. The accordance of agreement between gonioscopy and UBM was hardly affected by age or sex, while in dark condition, eyes with deeper anterior chamber(P=0.005) or plateau iris configuration tended to produce different results(P=0.075) in the 2 methods. Conclusion Gonioscopy and UBM are both indispensable methods for detecting angle closure, neither can completely replace the other.

Predictors for attending annual eye screening for diabetic retinopathy amongst patients with diabetes in an urban community of Beijing

AIM： To gain a better understanding of possible factors that may influence the decision of diabetes persons to participate in annual eye screening in an urban community setting of China.METHODS： A structured interview including questions on attendance of eye screening, knowledge and awareness of diabetic retinopathy was conducted. The presence and degree of retinopathy were assessed using two field nonmydriatic retinal photography. RESULTS： Totally 720 diabetes persons were recruited and 519 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. In this urban setting of Beijing, among diabetes patients of average of 10 y duration, 77% confirmed having undergone at least one eye examination and 61% reported having at least one eye examination with dilated pupil. As for the last 12 mo, the number decreased to 210（47%） and 131（30%） separately. Most of the participants（95%） were aware that diabetes could affect their vision and that regular eye examination was necessary. Very few of them（12%） however were aware that the early stages of diabetic retinopathy presented without symptoms of vision loss. Having attended patient education on diabetes was effective in building awareness about diabetic eye disease and was a significant positive predictor for attending eye screening [education in a year, Adj. OR=0.47（0.29-0.74）, P〈0.001, education years ago, Adj. OR=0.56（0.33-0.96）, P=0.036]. The duration of disease also increasedthe likelihood of having undergone eye screening（Adj. OR=0.96, P〈0.05）. CONCLUSION： Being exposed to education about the complications of diabetes increases the probability of attending diabetic eye screening. An appropriate patient knowledge building strategy should be made available to patients from the time of diagnosis.

限行政策下城市居民低碳出行意向

为探究限行政策下影响城市居民低碳出行意向的因素及其相互作用机理,本文以计划行为理论和技术接受模型为基础,采用多指标多原因(MIMIC)模型构建了限行政策下城市居民低碳出行意向模型。采用行为偏好调查方法设计调查问卷,通过网络调查和现场调查获得637份有效样本,运用MIMIC模型进行实证检验。研究结果表明:政策态度、政策效果感知和问题感知对出行意向有直接的显著影响;政策态度和政策效果感知是中介变量,政策效果感知、主观规范通过影响政策态度进而影响出行意向,问题感知通过影响政策效果感知进而影响出行意向;潜在变量对限行后居民的低碳出行意向影响的总效应值从大到小依次排序为:政策效果感知、政策态度、问题感知、主观规范;社会经济属性是调节变量,能通过调节出行者的心理感知因素间接影响出行意向。研究结论可为交通管理部门提高限行政策效益、引导居民低碳出行提供理论支撑。

FPGA implementation of 10 G Ethernet-based DAQ systems for pixel detectors

Background High Energy Photon Source-Test Facility is a project to study and verify the feasibility of the key technologies which will be applied to that of High Energy Photon Source(HEPS).The pixel array detector is one of the most important components of synchrotron radiation detection.Purpose In order to meet the requirements of the X-ray detection of HEPS,it was asked to independently develop a pixel array detector prototype with an effective detection area larger than 8×8 cm^(2),a spatial resolution better than 200 pm,a detectable energy range from 8 to 20 keV,and a frame rate higher than 1 kHz.The readout electronics system using the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)as its core of the digital logic makes the basic functions of the detector prototype feasibility by implementing all the configuration and data readout of the BPIX which is the dedicated pixel readout chip designed for Chinese next generation of synchrotron light source and working in the single-photon counting mode.Considering the large amount of data generated by pixel detectors and the demand for real-time data acquisition at higher frame rates,a firmware based on the TCP/IP protocol was developed in FPGA.Methods The implementation of 1 G/10 G Ethernet hub firmware provides a method of processing multi-ports Gigabit data and improving bandwidth.The key idea is the conversion of the GMII/XGMII bus in 1 G/10 G Ethernet protocol and the Arbitrator module applying Round-Robin algorithms.Results and conclusion The firmware converts and gathers TCP/IP frames from Gigabit network to 10-Gigabit network successfully.Through measurement,the bandwidth of the hub can reach 8.57 Gbps.A pixel detector integrated with 1 G/10 G Ethernet hub completes the readout of large flux data on 1.5 mega pixels detector at 1.2 kHz frame rate.