Comprehensive treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation:a case report

Retrospective analysis of the progression of a case of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation:the patient was a 65 year old man with prostate adenocarcinoma on prostate biopsy,Gleason 4+4 score=8,70%,ISUP4 group,localized invasion of nerves.Progressed to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after 8 months of novel endocrine therapy,persistent elevated PSA after endocrine therapy,chemotherapy,and radiation,abdominal metastasis,brain metastasis,gastric metastasis,and staging as neuroendocrine differentiation after second prostate biopsy,which is a highly malignant subtype and has been concerned as a mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies.We discuss how to choose a more optimal treatment plan and outline the patient's diagnostic and therapeutic course.We provide a reflection for the clinical study of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with neuroendocrine type.

Coexpression of MYC and BCL-2 predicts prognosis in primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

AIM:To investigate whether MYC and BCL-2 coexpression has prognostic significance in primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(PGI-DLBCL)patients,and explore its associations with patients’clinical parameters.METHODS:Fresh and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples from 60 PGI-DLBCL patients who had undergone surgery at the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital from January 2005 to May 2010 were obtained,and 30 lymphoid tissue samples from reactive lymph nodes of age-and sexmatched patients represented control samples.Staging and diagnostic procedures were conducted according to the Lugano staging system.All patients had been treated with three therapeutic modalities:surgery,chemotherapy,or radiotherapy.Expression of MYC and BCL-2 were detected at both protein and m RNA levels by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR.RESULTS:Positive expression levels of MYC and BCL-2proteins were detected in 35%and 45%of patients,respectively.MYC+/BCL-2+protein was present in30%of patients.MYC and BCL-2 protein levels were correlated with high MYC and BCL-2 m RNA expression,respectively(both P<0.05).We found that advancedstage disease(atⅡE-Ⅳ)was associated with MYC and BCL-2 coexpression levels(P<0.05).In addition,MYC+/BCL-2+patients had more difficulty in achieving complete remission than others(P<0.05).Presenceof MYC protein expression only affected overall survivaland progression-free survival(PFS)when BCL-2 proteinwas coexpressed.The adverse prognostic impact ofMYC+/BCL-2+protein on PFS remained significant(P<0.05)even after adjusting for age,Lugano stage,international prognostic index,and BCL-2 proteinexpression in a multivariable model.CONCLUSION:MYC+/BCL-2+patients have worsechemotherapy response and poorer prognosis thanpatients who only express one of the two proteins,suggesting that assessment of MYC and BCL-2 expressionby immunohistochemistry has clinical significance inpredicting clinical outcomes of PGI-DLBCL patients.

Histone Deacetylase Inhibition:An Important Mechanism in the Treatment of Lymphoma

Lymphomas enconlpass a group of malignancies that originate in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissues. Epigenetic modification, especially by histone deacetylase （HDACs）, plays a key role during the occurrence and development of lymphomas. Consequently, HDAC inhibitors （HDACIs）, a class of gene expression-modulating drugs, have emerged as promising mechanism-based agents for the treatment of lymphomas. This review presents the rationale of HDAC inhibition, describes the epigenetic-based mechanisms of action of HDACIs, discusses their clinical efficiency, and summarizes the current and future developments in this field.

Advances in anti-tumor mechanism and clinical application of Astragalus polysaccharides

Astragalus polysaccharide has the beneficial effect of Qi-deficiency,and it also has several anti-tumor mechanisms,including pharmacological actions and clinical functions.Through literature review,this work concluded anti-tumor mechanism and clinical application of astragalus polysaccharide,which was of considerable significance to expand and optimize its anti-tumor function and clinical application.

Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treatment of Apatinib-induced Hand and Foot Skin Reaction:A case report

Squamous cell carcinoma arising at maxillary sinus is a rare neoplasm, characterized by aggressive growth pattern and glooming prognosis. A 78-year-old woman presented with left maxillary sinus carcinoma. The patient received four courses of chemotherapy after surgery in our center. Eight months after treatment, the patient experienced local progress, severe gastrointestinal reactions and asthenia. Then apatinib was used as third-line treatment. Good curative effect was achieved with 250 mg apatinib per day, while adverse reaction such as hand and foot skin reaction affected the quality of her life. Traditional Chinese medicine exhibits good results and no obvious side effects in relieving hand and foot skin reaction. Traditional Chinese medicine is Chinese treasure, it remains challenging, and further investigations are needed.

Androgen receptor mediated resistance in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer

The incidence of prostate cancer has increased year by year in the world.Despite improvements in diagnosis,surgical techniques,and drugs,survival rates of prostate cancer have improved little,and most prostate cancer-related deaths are as a result of castration resistant prostate cancer(CRPC),which progresses and metastasizes after surgical or medical castration.The pathogenesis of CRPC is still unclear.It has been found that the majority of CRPC patients have overexpression of androgen receptors(ARs),and there are many forms of changes in the signaling pathways that intersect with them during he process to CRPC.Micro ribonucleic acid(miRNA)plays an important role in regulating the expression and translation of prostate cancer target genes,and in the life cycle of cell cycle distribution and apoptosis.Relatedly,active changes in miRNA expression are also closely related to androgen.Therefore,the study of AR-related signaling pathways and AR and miRNA-related signaling pathways is of great significance in the treatment of CRPC.

Bioinformatics analysis of Astragalus membranaceus on the treatment of prostate cancer

Objective:Prostate cancer(PCa)is the second most common male malignancy tumor in the world,and the occurrence rate and the mortality of PCa keeps increasing nowadays,exploration of accurate biomarker and predict clinical outcome of PCa is of great significance.Traditional Chinese medicine Huangqi(Astragalus membranaceus,AM)has been widely used for PCa treatment in China,while the pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear.The current paper intend to perform a network pharmacology analysis to reveal the mechanism of the effects of AM in PCa.Methods:Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database(TCMSP)was used to obtain chemical constituents of AM.PCa-related target genes were collected via OMIM and GeneCards databases.PCa-AM common target protein interaction network was established by the STRING database.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses were performed to further explore the PCa mechanism and therapeutic effect of AM.The network diagrams of the active component-action target and protein-protein interaction(PPI)networks were constructed using Cytoscape software.Results:A total of 20 active ingredients contained and 462 putative identified target genes were screened from AM,of which 46 overlapped with the targets of PCa and were considered potential therapeutic targets.The analysis of the network results showed that the AM activity components quercetin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin,3,9-di-O-methylnissolin and 7-O-methylisomucronulatol have a good binding activity with top ten screened targets,such as MYC,AKT1,CCND1,MAPK1,CASP3,EGFR,ESR1,VEGFA,ERBB2 and IL-6.GO and KEGG analyses revealed that these targets were associated with proteoglycans in cancer,virus infection,microRNAs in cancer,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,and other biological process.Conclusion:This study demonstrated the multicomponent,multitarget,and multichannel characteristics of AM,which provided a novel approach for further research of the mechanism of AM in the treatment of PCa.

Evaluation of autophagy-related genes and lncRNAs signature for prognositic prediction in thyroid carcinoma via bioinformatics analysis

Autophagy plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma.The role of autophagy-related genes and long non-coding RNAs,as well as the risk model of thyroid carcinoma patients were investigated to predict clinical outcome of thyroid carcinoma.Different expression of autophagy-related genes and long non-coding RNAs in thyroid carcinoma patients was identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas database.Functional enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis was used to hint the mechanism that autophagy might act in thyroid carcinoma.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed for screening the prognostic autophagy-related genes and long non-coding RNAs to construct prognostic related risk model.thyroid carcinoma patients were divided into the low-risk and high-risk groups.The overall survival time was both shorter in the high-risk groups than that in the low-risk groups.As for autophagy-related genes prognostic risk model,age and autophagy-related genes risk score are independent prognostic factors that affect the survival of thyroid carcinoma.ATIC and CDKN2A expression was closely related to pathological stage and T status,DNAJB1 expression was closely related to M status,age and gender.While autophagy-associated long non-coding RNA related prognostic risk model consequently demonstrated that the long non-coding RNA risk score could significantly predict the survival rate of thyroid carcinoma patients with areas under the curve of 0.972.gene set enrichment analysis presented that a total of 16 gene sets including 10 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated gene sets were significantly enriched.The autophagy-related genes and long non-coding RNAs based prognostic risk models are a reliable forecasting tool for thyroid carcinoma patients.

Research progress on the regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway in the treatment of prostate cancer by traditional Chinese medicine monomers

The prevalence of prostate cancer in males worldwide is increasing every year.Androgen and androgen receptor drive the development of prostate cancer and are important targets for the treatment of prostate cancer.A growing number of reports indicate that the traditional Chinese medicine has a clear advantage in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.This article provides an overview of the in vitro and in vivo studies of different traditional Chinese medicine monomers acting on the androgen receptor-signaling pathway in prostate cancer.

Interaction between LCSCs and lung cancer microenvironment and TCM intervention

Lung cancer has become a leading cause of cancer-related death because of its high morbidity and mortality.Although some progress has been made in the diagnosis,surgery,chemoradiotherapy,and other aspects of lung cancer in the last decade,actually there is no substantial breakthrough for the 5-year survival rate of patients has no significant improvement and is still below 15%.Plenty of evidence suggests that malignant tumors including lung cancer have a unique subgroup of cells featured with self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation potential.Cancer stem cells(CSCs)are the root of tumor growth and metastasis,and the characteristic changes of malignant phenotype(such as recurrence,invasion and metastasis,and drug resistance)are closely linked with CSCs.This paper explored the possible correlated mechanism of the complex interaction between lung cancer stem cells(LCSCs)and lung cancer microenvironment,to provide ideas for the R&D of relevant treatment technologies,the promotion of the progress in traditional medical technology,and the breakthrough of the bottleneck of long-term effect of lung cancer.

Prognostic value of potential biomarkers in prostate cancer via bioinformatic analysis

Background:The Genotype-Tissue Expression was used to expanded normal tissue of the Cancer Genome Atlas database.This study aimed to investigate genes associated with the pathogenesis and prognosis of prostate cancer.Methods:We conducted prognostic related genes for prostate cancer by using transcriptome data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project and the Cancer Genome Atlas data sources,which were analyzed using an integrated bioinformatics strategy.Clinically significant modules were distinguished,and GO and KEGG analysis were used to Database for Annotation,Visualization and Integrated Discovery.Further annotation was performed through Gene set enrichment analysis.Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the associations between clinicopathologic characteristics and the hub genes.Logistic regression model and survival analysis were performed.Results:By using data available from the Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression databases,we here show that 53 differential expression genes were identified.Through GO and KEGG analysis a prognostic related gene signature consisted of GOLM1,EIF4A1,ABCC4,RPL7P16,NPIPB12 and PCA3 was constructed with a good performance in predicting overall survivals.The majority of the six hub genes were associated with clinical characteristics of prostate cancer.Conclusion:These genes might be considered as new targets for further investigating the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to facilitate the molecular targeting therapy since they showed differently expressed in prostate cancer and correlate with overall survival prognosis.

Combining PD1 inhibitor,PARP inhibitor and antiangiogenic medication for lung squamous cell carcinoma with liver metastasis:a case report

A 68-year-old man with left chest pain accompanied by chest tightness was reported.The computed tomography revealed a massive liver mass.Genetic and pathological tests confirmed advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma with the mutation of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 and liver metastasis.The primary lung lesions and local liver metastases were well controlled through combined immunotherapy,antiangiogenic medications and Poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors.Considering the high tumor load and the generally poor condition of the patient,transarterial chemoembolization,in place of the conventional chemotherapy treatment mode was chosed for liver metastasis in the current case.We discussed selecting a tailored program and outlined the patient’s diagnosis and treatment process.Additionally mentioned multiple drug combination strategies for squamous lung cancer.