Evaluation of trap effi ciency for the Asian longhorned beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis

The Asian longhorned beetle(ALB),Anoplophora glabripennis,is a well-known stem borer with high polyphagous properties causing frequent outbreaks in northeast China.An attractant-based trap is needed to improve the sensitivity,reliability,and effi ciency for detection of the beetle.In this study,the eff ects of attractants,trap types and color synergy of a trapping system were evaluated.Attractant blends comprised of the male-produced,two-component pheromone plus plant volatiles were used in the fi eld in Hengshui city.Plant volatiles(e.g.,1-pentanol,and 2-pentanol)in combination with male pheromones increased the mean number of trapped ALB compared to the pheromone alone.Males responded better than females to traps baited with plant volatiles alone,whereas traps emitting plant volatiles plus pheromone,regardless of trap type,captured more females than males.The ALB-trapping effi ciency of a modifi ed fl ight intercept panel trap was more than ten times as high as a woodborer panel trap and 1.2 times a fl ight intercept panel trap.The 1-pentanol and 2-pentanol attractants alone or in combination with male-produced pheromone were more eff ective for monitoring ALB than common lures.In laboratory Y-tube olfactometer experiments,the color brown was better at increasing attraction of both males and females to 1-pentanol,2-pentanol,1-pentanol+pheromone,and 2-pentanol+pheromone compared to the clear-glass control arm.The fi ndings provide a reliable and eff ective trap system to monitor ALB infestations.

Defense responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-colonized poplar seedlings against gypsy moth larvae:a multiomics study

Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi may help protect plants against herbivores;however,their use for the pest control of woody plants requires further study.Here,we investigated the effect of Glomus mosseae colonization on the interactions between gypsy moth larvae and Populus alba×P.berolinensis seedlings and deciphered the regulatory mechanisms underlying the mycorrhizal-induced resistance in the leaves of mycorrhizal poplar using RNA-seq and nontargeted metabolomics.The resistance assay showed that AM fungus inoculation protected poplar seedlings against gypsy moth larvae,as evidenced by the decreased larval growth and reduced larval survival.A transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis(lipoxygenase,hydroperoxide dehydratase,and allene oxide cyclase)and signal transduction(jasmonate-ZIM domain and transcription factor MYC2)and identified the genes that were upregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings.Except for chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase,which were downregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings,all DEGs related to flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated,including 4-coumarate-CoA ligase,chalcone isomerase,flavanone 3-hydroxylase,flavonol synthase,and leucoanthocyanidin reductase.The metabolome analysis showed that several metabolites with insecticidal properties,including coumarin,stachydrine,artocarpin,norizalpinin,abietic acid,6-formylumbelliferone,and vanillic acid,were significantly accumulated in the mycorrhizal seedlings.These findings suggest the potential of mycorrhiza-induced resistance for use in pest management of woody plants and demonstrate that the priming of JA-dependent responses in poplar seedlings contributes to mycorrhiza-induced resistance to insect pests.

Activities of some defense proteins associated with age or plant family in larch needles of Larix olgensis and L. kaempferi× L. gmelinii

Defence proteins are a kind of chemical defence compounds. They play a key role in plant restraining biotic and abiotic harm. To illuminate activities of some defense proteins associated with age or plant family of larch, the larch needles were collected from two different families of Korean larch, Larix olgensis and a hybrid larch, L. kaempferi × L. gmelinii, respectively, and then the activities of defence proteins in those were tested using a UV spectrophotometry. The results showed that the activities of protective enzymes at thel6-/17- and 19-year-age groups were higher than those at the other age groups in the both larch species. While the activities of polyphenol oxidase （PPO） at the 16-/17-year-age group and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） and protease inhibitors at the 19-year-age group were the highest among all age groups. Then, compared with L. olgensis, the hybrid larch had significant effects on the activities of protective enzymes. The effects of plant family on the activities of PAL and chymotrypsin inhibitor were significantly different, and then those on the activities of PPO were not significantly different. The effects of the two families in L. olgensis on the activities of trypsin inhibitor （TI） were significantly different, while those in the hybrid larch on the activities of TI were contrary. To conclusions showed that the different age and plant family significantly affected the activities of defence proteins in the needles of two larch species, and then enhanced the larch resistance to pests. These could play a key function in forestry tree genetic improvement and management in future.