论我国青少年犯罪的治理观及其转型——基于概念史的分析

青少年犯罪是一个承载着对青少年这一群体如何进行犯罪治理的概念,通过对青少年犯罪概念史的考察可以发现:在青少年犯罪概念诞生前,我国对青少年犯罪采取的是一元化的刑事政策。伴随着西方juvenile delinquency概念及其知识谱系的启蒙,国家逐渐开始对少年这一群体有了很多新的认识。但在其概念的形成过程中,却被我国日益严重的青少年犯罪这一社会事实所建构。青少年犯罪概念的建构,不仅使得我国重视并科学化理解青少年犯罪问题成为可能,而且还具有包容juvenile delinquency知识谱系的功能,使得有关少年司法的理念能够通过青少年犯罪这一概念载体顺理成章的进入中国。然而,这种"暗度陈仓"的方式,不仅为青少年犯罪概念争议和理论分歧埋下隐患,也使得青少年犯罪的治理结构存在二元张力。当前我国青少年犯罪治理结构既非一体化治理,也非二元化治理,而是少年与成年二元混同治理结构。随着少年司法在我国渐臻成熟,尤其是预防未成年人犯罪法正在紧锣密鼓地进行全面修改,"少年"与"青年""犯罪"与"非行"在概念和知识谱系上的分离不仅必须,也是必然。这也意味着,青少年犯罪二元治理结构混同模式到了必须分离的时候。少年与成年犯罪的二元化的治理结构转型不仅关乎预防未成年人犯罪法修改的准确定位,还关乎未来的青少年犯罪的有效治理。

Pupillometry Analysis of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation at Five Presentation Rates

In this study,the effect of presentation rates on pupil dilation is investigated for target recognition in the Rapid Serial Visual Presentation(RSVP)paradigm.In this experiment,the RSVP paradigm with five different presentation rates,including 50,80,100,150,and 200 ms,is designed.The pupillometry data of 15 subjects are collected and analyzed.The pupillometry results reveal that the peak and average amplitudes for pupil size and velocity at the 80-ms presentation rate are considerably higher than those at other presentation rates.The average amplitude of pupil acceleration at the 80-ms presentation rate is significantly higher than those at the other presentation rates.The latencies under 50-and 80-ms presentation rates are considerably lower than those of 100-,150-,and 200-ms presentation rates.Additionally,no considerable differences are observed in the peak,average amplitude,and latency of pupil size,pupil velocity,and acceleration under 100-,150-,and 200-ms presentation rates.These results reveal that with the increase in the presentation rate,pupil dilation first increases,then decreases,and later reaches saturation.The 80-ms presentation rate results in the largest point of pupil dilation.No correlation is observed between pupil dilation and recognition accuracy under the five presentation rates.

Study on Robot Grasping System of SSVEP-BCI Based on Augmented Reality Stimulus

Although notable progress has been made in the study of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential(SSVEP)-based Brain-Computer Interface(BCI),several factors that limit the practical applications of BCIs still exist.One of these factors is the importability of the stimulator.In this study,Augmented Reality(AR)technology was introduced to present the visual stimuli of SSVEP-BCI,while the robot grasping experiment was designed to verify the applicability of the AR-BCI system.The offline experiment was designed to determine the best stimulus time,while the online experiment was used to complete the robot grasping task.The offline experiment revealed that better information transfer rate performance could be achieved when the stimulation time is 2 s.Results of the online experiment indicate that all 12 subjects could control the robot to complete the robot grasping task,which indicates the applicability of the AR-SSVEP-humanoid robot(NAO)system.This study verified the reliability of the AR-BCI system and indicated the applicability of the AR-SSVEP-NAO system in robot grasping tasks.

Studying the Effect of the Pre-Stimulation Paradigm on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials with Dynamic Models Based on the Zero-Pole Analytical Method

This study explored methods for improving the performance of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential(SSVEP)-based Brain-Computer Interfaces(BCI), and introduced a new analytical method to quantitatively analyze and reflect the characteristics of SSVEP. We focused on the effect of the pre-stimulation paradigm on the SSVEP dynamic models and the dynamic response process of SSVEP, and performed a comparative analysis of three pre-stimulus paradigms(black, gray, and white). Four dynamic models with different orders(second-and third-order)and with and without a zero point were used to fit the SSVEP envelope. The zero-pole analytical method was adopted to conduct quantitative analysis on the dynamic models, and the response characteristics of SSVEP were represented by zero-pole distribution characteristics. The results of this study indicated that the pre-stimulation paradigm affects the characteristics of SSVEP, and the dynamic models had good fitting abilities with SSVEPs under various types of pre-stimulation. Furthermore, the zero-pole characteristics of the models effectively characterize the damping coefficient, oscillation period, and other SSVEP characteristics. The comparison of zeros and poles indicated that the gray pre-stimulation condition corresponds to a lower damping coefficient, thus showing its potential to improve the performance of SSVEP-BCIs.

Effect of background luminance of visual stimulus on elicited steady-state visual evoked potentials

Steady-state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)have been widely studied.Considerable progress has been made in the aspects of stimulus coding,electroencephalogram processing,and recognition algorithms to enhance system performance.The properties of SSVEP have been demonstrated to be highly sensitive to stimulus luminance.However,thus far,there have been very few reports on the impact of background luminance on the system performance of SSVEP-based BCIs.This study investigated the impact of stimulus background luminance on SSVEPs.Specifically,this study compared two types of background luminance,i.e.,(1)black luminance[red,green,blue(rgb):(0,0,0)]and(2)gray luminance[rgb:(128,128,128)],and determined their effect on the classification performance of SSVEPs at the stimulus frequencies of 9,11,13,and 15 Hz.The offline results from nine healthy subjects showed that compared with the gray background luminance,the black background luminance induced larger SSVEP amplitude and larger signal-to-noise ratio,resulting in a better classification accuracy.These results suggest that the background luminance of visual stimulus has a considerable effect on the SSVEP and therefore has a potential to improve the BCI performance.

The effect of fatigue on brain connectivity networks

In the fatigue state,the neural response characteristics of the brain might be different from those in the normal state.Brain functional connectivity analysis is an effective tool for distinguishing between different brain states.For example,comparative studies on the brain functional connectivity have the potential to reveal the functional differences in different mental states.The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between human mental states and brain control abilities by analyzing the effect of fatigue on the brain response connectivity.In particular,the phasescrambling method was used to generate images with two noise levels,while the N-back working memory task was used to induce the fatigue state in subjects.The paradigm of rapid serial visual presentation(RSVP)was used to present visual stimuli.The analysis of brain connections in the normal and fatigue states was conducted using the open-source e Connectome toolbox.The results demonstrated that the control areas of neural responses were mainly distributed in the parietal region in both the normal and fatigue states.Compared to the normal state,the brain connectivity power in the parietal region was significantly weakened under the fatigue state,which indicates that the control ability of the brain is reduced in the fatigue state.