Immune regulation of the gut-brain axis and lung-brain axis involved in ischemic stroke

Local ischemia often causes a series of inflammatory reactions when both brain immune cells and the peripheral immune response are activated.In the human body,the gut and lung are regarded as the key reactional targets that are initiated by brain ischemic attacks.Mucosal microorganisms play an important role in immune regulation and metabolism and affect blood-brain barrier permeability.In addition to the relationship between peripheral organs and central areas and the intestine and lung also interact among each other.Here,we review the molecular and cellular immune mechanisms involved in the pathways of inflammation across the gut-brain axis and lung-brain axis.We found that abnormal intestinal flora,the intestinal microenvironment,lung infection,chronic diseases,and mechanical ventilation can worsen the outcome of ischemic stroke.This review also introduces the influence of the brain on the gut and lungs after stroke,highlighting the bidirectional feedback effect among the gut,lungs,and brain.

兼具小气载吸附、快速换样和全面温控的程序升温脱附谱装置

程序升温脱附谱技术能定量识别表面物种和测量脱附动力学,因此被广泛应用于多相催化和表面科学研究.对于高效率和高质量的程序升温脱附谱实验而言,减小吸附过程中的气载并在不破坏超高真空条件下完成样品更换以及实现对样品全方位的温度控制是至关重要的.然而,现有的表面科学程序升温脱附谱装置通常无法同时满足这些条件。鉴于此,本文搭建了一台可实现小气载进样、快速换样以及全面温控的程序升温脱附谱装置。使用自动控制的基于微毛细管阵列的溢流分子束给样器,制备分子吸附的表面,让气体的进样更加精准并大幅减小了气载。借助液氮传输线并优化样品台处的热接触和热偶连接方式,使得这台程序升温脱附谱装置同时具备了快速换样、精准测温、快速降温以及稳定线性升温等功能。通过测量水从高定向热解石墨和TiO_(2)(110)表面的脱附特征以及甲氧基阴离子在TiO_(2)(110)表面的光催化氧化反应,证实了该程序升温脱附谱装置在测量脱附动力学参数、定量识别表面吸附物种和吸附位点以及分析表面光化学反应等方面的性能,本工作将为研究人员设计高效率和高质量的程序升温脱附谱装置提供宝贵的经验和思路。

The genome of Magnolia biondii Pamp. provides insights into the evolution of Magnoliales and biosynthesis of terpenoids

Magnolia biondii Pamp.(Magnoliaceae,magnoliids)is a phylogenetically,economically,and medicinally important ornamental tree species widely grown and cultivated in the north-temperate regions of China.Determining the genome sequence of M.biondii would help resolve the phylogenetic uncertainty of magnoliids and improve the understanding of individual trait evolution within the Magnolia genus.We assembled a chromosome-level reference genome of M.biondii using~67,~175,and~154Gb of raw DNA sequences generated via Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time sequencing,10X Genomics Chromium,and Hi-C scaffolding strategies,respectively.The final genome assembly was~2.22Gb,with a contig N50 value of 269.11 kb and a BUSCO complete gene percentage of 91.90%.Approximately 89.17%of the genome was organized into 19 chromosomes,resulting in a scaffold N50 of 92.86Mb.The genome contained 47,547 protein-coding genes,accounting for 23.47%of the genome length,whereas 66.48%of the genome length consisted of repetitive elements.We confirmed a WGD event that occurred very close to the time of the split between the Magnoliales and Laurales.Functional enrichment of the Magnolia-specific and expanded gene families highlighted genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,plant–pathogen interactions,and responses to stimuli,which may improve the ecological fitness and biological adaptability of the lineage.Phylogenomic analyses revealed a sister relationship of magnoliids and Chloranthaceae,which are sister to a clade comprising monocots and eudicots.The genome sequence of M.biondii could lead to trait improvement,germplasm conservation,and evolutionary studies on the rapid radiation of early angiosperms.

Eco-evolutionary evidence for the global diversity pattern of Cycas(Cycadaceae)

The evolution of the latitudinal diversity gradient(LDG),characterized by a peak in diversity toward the tropics,has captured significant attention in evolutionary biology and ecology.However,the inverse LDG(i-LDG)mechanism,wherein species richness increases toward the poles,remains inadequately explored.Cycads are among one of the oldest lineages of extant seed plants and have undergone extensive diversification in the tropics.Intriguingly,the extant cycad abundance exhibits an i-LDG pattern,and the underlying causes for this phenomenon remain largely elusive.Here,using 1,843 nuclear genes from a nearly complete sampling,we conducted comprehensive phylogenomic analyses to establish a robust species-level phylogeny for Cycas,the largest genus within cycads.We then reconstructed the spatial-temporal dynamics and integrated global environmental data to evaluate the roles of species ages,diversification rates,contemporary environment,and conservatism to ancestral niches in shaping the i-LDG pattern.We found Cycas experienced decreased diversification rates,coupled with the cooling temperature since its origin in the Eocene from continental Asia.Different regions have distinctively contributed to the formation of i-LDG for Cycas,with the northern hemisphere acting as evolutionary museums and the southern hemisphere serving as cradles.Moreover,water-related climate variables,specifically precipitation seasonality and potential evapotranspiration,were identified as paramount factors constraining Cycas species richness in the rainforest biome near the equator.Notably,the adherence to ancestral monsoonal climates emerges as a critical factor in sustaining the diversity pattern.This study underscores the imperative of integrating both evolutionary and ecological approaches to comprehensively unravel the mechanisms underpinning global biodiversity patterns.

Experimental models for cancer brain metastasis

Brain metastases are a leading cause of cancer-related mortality.However,progress in their treatment has been limited over the past decade,due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms.Employing accurate in vitro and in vivo models to recapitulate the complexities of brain metastasis offers the most promising approach to unravel the intricate cellular and physiological processes involved.Here,we present a comprehensive review of the currently accessible models for studying brain metastasis.We introduce a diverse array of in vitro and in vivo models,including cultured cells using the Transwell system,organoids,microfluidic models,syngeneic models,xenograft models,and genetically engineered models.We have also provided a concise summary of the merits and limitations inherent to each model while identifying the optimal contexts for their effective utilization.This review serves as a comprehensive resource,aiding researchers in making well-informed decisions regarding model selection that align with specific research questions.

New wheel-shaped Ln_(6) clusters for conversion of CO_(2) and magnetic properties

A series of novel hexanuclear lanthanide dusters,namely,[Ln_(6)(HL)_(6)(NO_(3))_(6)]·3CH_(3)CN(Ln=Gd(1),Tb(2),Dy(3)and Er(4))was assembled using a multidentate ligand H3L(trolamine).The clusters 1-4 show a wheel-shaped Ln_(6)topology with the approximate diameter and thickness of 1.5 and 0.7 nm,respectively.All of them show high thermal stability.In the aspect of the catalytic capacities for the cycloaddition reactions of CO_(2)and epoxide,the reaction conditions,the substrate scope,and possible catalytic mechanism were investigated.The highest yield for clusters 1-4 is up to 99%at 333 K for 12 h.In particular,cluster 1 can be reused at least three times with no obvious loss of catalytic performance and keep the integrity of the crystal structure.Magnetic investigations reveal that cluster 1 exhibits a relatively large magnetocaloric effect with-ΔS_(m)=41.43 J/(kg·K)(T=3.0 K,7.0 T);while cluster 3 displays slow magnetic relaxation behavior under zero dc field with U_(eff)=0.51 K andτ_(0)=2.54×10^(-5)s.

Investigation and analysis of the linkage mechanism and whole process cost of livestock manure organic fertilizer

In recent years,the utilization of manure resources for livestock and poultry farming has attracted a widespread attention,and manure resources utilization models suitable for different regional characteristics have formed gradually.Among them,the production of organic fertilizer from animal manure is a vital utilization method.However,there are still some problems such as high production costs,difficult sales,and the unwillingness of farmers to use organic fertilizers which have affected the breeding cycle and the sustainability of manure treatment in livestock and poultry breeding.This article selected 371 organic fertilizer plants,related farms and farmers in China,focusing on the main links of the entire process of livestock manure-organic fertilizer-farm application,and studied the mode of animal manure collection by organic fertilizer plants.The costs of organic fertilizer production and farmland application were discussed.Moreover,suggestions were made for the promotion and implementation of large-scale organic fertilizers to make good utilization of manure resources in livestock and poultry farming.

Metagenome analysis reveals potential microbial functions in topsoil of wheat-maize rotation system with five-year application of fertilizers

Fertilization mode affects soil quality and ecological health.The effects of four fertilization regimens on lignocellulose content,readily degradable carbohydrate decomposition,and potential microbial functions in the topsoil of a wheat-maize rotation system between 2012 and 2017 were investigated.The fertilization regimens of control(control NFNB),high chemical fertilizer(HCF),high biochar plus low chemical fertilizer(HBLCF),and biochar-based fertilizer(BBF)were compared on soil fundamental properties,microbial structure,and potential function in soil carbohydrate degradation based on metagenome analysis.The diversity of carbohydrate-active enzyme genes in the topsoil microbial consortia in the four trials was primarily distributed within the ten ecologically most dominant phyla.Application of BBF was associated with the lowest decline in total nitrogen and P2O5(2012-2017:6.5%and 28.1%,respectively)and the most effective carbohydrate decomposition(2015-2017:67.0%for cellulose and 59.9%for readily degradable carbohydrate).Carbohydrate transport and metabolism accounted for 6.0%of reads assigned functional classification under the BBF regimen.These findings reveal the ecologically functional diversity of topsoil microorganisms and suggest BBF application as a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture and beneficial to soil health.

Heavy metals and community structure of microorganism changes during livestock manure composting with inoculation of effective microorganisms

Effective microorganisms(EM)is usually used in composting to improve the composting process.However,the effect of EM on heavy metals evolution was still unclear.This study was performed to illustrate the microbial community changes that occur during composting with the addition of EM and to determine the evolution of heavy metal speciation during this process.The requirement of harmlessness for pig manure was met after the addition of EM at a dosage of 0.5%,with a germination index of 96.42%.The bacterial and fungal diversity were both found to decrease during the composting process.Additionally,the bioavailability of Cu and Pb decreased significantly during composting.Significant correlations were observed between the microbial composition and the percentage of different heavy metals fractions;however,the mechanism responsible for this correlation requires further investigation.This study has the potential to contribute to control of heavy metal contamination during the process of recycling pig manure through the controlled addition of EM.