A Lightweight, Adhesive, Dual-Functionalized Over-Coating Interphase Toward Ultra-Stable High-Current Density Lithium Metal Anodes

Coherent manipulation of the lithium plating pattern is at the heart of the safe operation of metallic anodes in the battery technologies. In this article,a lightweight (~0.3 mg cm^(-2)), dual-functionalized carbon spheres are anchored onto the Cu foil as the interfacial protective layer via the chelation process of the catechol groups in the polydopamine precursor and the copper foil. The dual-functionalized carbon spheres exhibit the intriguing complementary features:Lithiophilic nitrogen dopants favor the Li+ion absorption and mitigate the nucleation barrier, while the micro/mesopore reservoir spatially homogenizes the ion flux distribution, confining the metallic propagation without dendrite-like protrusions. The metallic anode exhibits an ultra-stable plating/stripping process for 1 400 hr with the average Coulombic efficiency of ~99%. A full-cell prototype is constructed by pairing the N-doped carbon spheres on the bare Cu (NCS-Cu) electrode with the high-mass-loading LiVPO4F (12.5 mg cm^(-2)) cathode that can deliver a high energy density of 421.2 Wh kg^(-1) with the highest power density of 2106 W kg^(-1) to promise the anode use for high-power/energy-dense metallic batteries.

垂直自支撑式金属有机框架多级结构单晶用于锂定向沉积

金属有机框架材料(MOF)是由金属离子或簇和有机配体通过配位键自组装形成的多孔晶体材料.MOF及其衍生物具有开放金属位点和极大的比表面积,广泛地应用在催化领域.然而,MOF材料由于存在暴露活性位点较少,传质受限或易发生不可控制的聚集等问题,会导致活性位点的损失,极大地限制了其在催化领域的应用.多级结构不仅提供更多的暴露活性位点,而且提升传质效率及稳定性.因此,设计和构造分层多级结构的MOF材料是解决上述问题的有效途径.本文制备了一种垂直自支撑式MOF多级结构材料.该多级结构材料由相互垂直自支撑式纳米片所构成;通过三维电子衍射表征显示,单个垂直自支撑式MOF多级结构颗粒显示单晶特性.因此,可以确定垂直自支撑式MOF多级结构是ZIF-67的单晶.本文也对这种结构的形成机理进行了初步探究,两种具有结构相关性ZIF在混合溶液中的相互转化是主要驱动力.这种垂直穿插的多级结构具有优异的传质/传荷能力和增强反应动力学的特性,扩展了传统多孔晶体材料的应用领域.本文通过温和的溶液硫化法,制备了保留垂直穿插结构的硫化钴,并进一步将这种垂直穿插结构的硫化钴应用在锂金属电池中.这类材料显示出多个优点:(1)具有高比表面积,提升了离子通量和传质;(2)锂离子的结合将硫化钴物种还原为钴金属颗粒;(3)垂直穿插结构引导金属沿着二维纳米片的方向沉积,避免树枝状晶体的生成.将这种垂直自支撑式硫化钴多级结构材料用作电极材料时,所组装的锂金属电池显示出有效的电流密度、高库伦效率(99%)、低成核过电位(30 mV于5 mA cm^(−2))和较好的稳定循环性(510 h).本文对于垂直穿插结构材料的设计及研究其在金属电池中的应用具有重大意义.

The influence of water-sediment regulation on macrobenthic community structures in the Huanghe River(Yellow River)Estuary during 2012–2016

To determine if water-sediment regulation has affected macrobenthic community structure in the Huanghe River Estuary,China,macrobenthic samples were collected following regulation events from 2012 to 2016.We identify seven phyla and 138 macrobenthic species from within samples throughout the survey area,over time.Species richness and abundance in 2012 were significantly higher than in 2016.Biomass did not differ significantly during 2012–2016.Dominant species were mostly small polychaetes,with mollusks,arthropods,and echinoderms all being relatively rare.In 2016,dominant species were small polychaetes.MDS reveals macrobenthic communities at all surveyed distances from the estuary to have become the same community structure over time.Shannon-Wiener diversity and Margalef richness indexes trended down over time.CCA reveals the most dominant sediment-dwelling species to prefer lower dissolved oxygen,sulfides,and pH,and sediments with high D50 and low clay content.We speculate that water-sediment regulation has affected seabed communities,particularly Region A in our survey area.

Update on molecular diversity and multipathogenicity of staphylococcal superantigen toxins

Staphylococcal superantigen(SAg)toxins are the most notable virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus,which is a pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired infections in humans and various diseases in animals.Recently,SAg toxins have become a superfamily with 29 types,including staphylococcal enterotoxins(SEs)with emetic activity,SE-like toxins(SEIs)that do not induce emesis in primate models or have yet not been tested,and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1(TSST-1).SEs and SEIs can be subdivided into classical types(SEA to SEE)and novel types(SEG to SEIY,SE01,SE02,SEI26 and SEI27).The genes of SAg toxins are located in diverse accessory genetic elements and share certain structural and biological properties.SAg toxins are heat-stable proteins that exhibit pyrogenicity,superantigenicity and capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin in humans and animals.They have multiple pathogenicities that can interfere with normal immune function of host,increase the chances of survival and transmission of pathogenic baaeria in host,consequently contribute to the occurrence and development of various infeaions,persistent infeaions or food poisoning.This review focuses on the following aspeas of SAg toxins:(1)superfamily members of classic and novelty discovered staphylococcal SAgs;⑵diversity of gene locations and molecular structural characteristics;(3)biological characteristics and activities;(4)multi-pathogenicity of SAgs in animal and human diseases,including bovine mastitis,swine sepsis,abscesses and skin edema in pig,arthritis and septicemia in poultry,and nosocomial infections and food-borne diseases in humans.

Resolving the lineage relationship between malignant cells and vascular cells in glioblastomas

Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM),a highly malignant and heterogeneous brain tumor,contains various types of tumor and non-tumor cells.Whether GBM cells can trans-differentiate into non-neural cell types,including mural cells or endothelial cells(ECs),to support tumor growth and invasion remains controversial.Here we generated two genetic GBM models de novo in immunocompetent mouse brains,mimicking essential pathological and molecular features of human GBMs.Lineage-tracing and transplantation studies demonstrated that,although blood vessels in GBM brains underwent drastic remodeling,evidence of trans-differentiation of GBM cells into vascular cells was barely detected.Intriguingly,GBM cells could promiscuously express markers for mural cells during gliomagenesis.Furthermore,single-cell RNA sequencing showed that patterns of copy number variations(CNVs)of mural cells and ECs were distinct from those of GBM cells,indicating discrete origins of GBM cells and vascular components.Importantly,single-cell CNV analysis of human GBM specimens also suggested that GBM cells and vascular cells are likely separate lineages.Rather than expansion owing to trans-differentiation,vascular cell expanded by proliferation during tumorigenesis.Therefore,cross-lineage trans-differentiation of GBM cells is very unlikely to occur during gliomagenesis.Our findings advance understanding of cell lineage dynamics during gliomagenesis,and have implications for targeted treatment of GBMs.

从政治实践中理解和创新中国宪法——评秦前红教授《监察改革中的法治工程》

一、中国宪法的问题意识。在中国政治法律学术界,关于宪法(学)的争论,人们或许并无太多直接言说交锋,但心中可能存在极大的困惑。苏力教授就质疑,当代中国的宪法学——无论是宪法教义学,还是规范宪法学,似乎都没有回应实践和历史提出的中国宪制问题,在理解历史中国、现实中国时看不到宪法学的“作为”。