Auxin is a crucial phytohormone that has various effects on the regulators of plant growth and development.Auxin signal transduction is mainly controlled by two gene families:auxin response factor(ARF)and auxin/indole...Auxin is a crucial phytohormone that has various effects on the regulators of plant growth and development.Auxin signal transduction is mainly controlled by two gene families:auxin response factor(ARF)and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(Aux/IAA).ARFs are plant-specific transcription factors that bind directly to auxin response elements in the promoters of auxinresponsive genes.ARF proteins contain three conserved regions:a conserved N-terminal B3DNA-binding domain,a variable intermediate middle region domain that functions in activation or repression,and a C-terminal domain including the Phox and Bem1p region for dimerization,similar to theⅢandⅣelements of Aux/IAA,which facilitate protein–protein interaction through homodimerization of ARF proteins or heterodimerization of ARF and Aux/IAA proteins.In the two decades following the identification of the first ARF,23 ARF members have been identified and characterized in Arabidopsis.Using whole-genome sequencing,22,25,23,25,and 36 ARF genes have been identified in tomato,rice,wheat,sorghum,and maize,respectively,in addition to which the related biofunctions of some ARFs have been reported.ARFs play crucial roles in regulating the growth and development of roots,leaves,flowers,fruits,seeds,responses to biotic and abiotic stresses,and phytohormone signal crosstalk.In this review,we summarize the research progress on the structures and functions of ARFs in Arabidopsis,tomato,and cereal crops,to provide clues for future basic research on phytohormone signaling and the molecular design breeding of crops.展开更多
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060451)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia(2022ZD11)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ19C020001)Applied Technology Research and Development Foundation of Inner Mongolia(2021PT0001)。
文摘Auxin is a crucial phytohormone that has various effects on the regulators of plant growth and development.Auxin signal transduction is mainly controlled by two gene families:auxin response factor(ARF)and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(Aux/IAA).ARFs are plant-specific transcription factors that bind directly to auxin response elements in the promoters of auxinresponsive genes.ARF proteins contain three conserved regions:a conserved N-terminal B3DNA-binding domain,a variable intermediate middle region domain that functions in activation or repression,and a C-terminal domain including the Phox and Bem1p region for dimerization,similar to theⅢandⅣelements of Aux/IAA,which facilitate protein–protein interaction through homodimerization of ARF proteins or heterodimerization of ARF and Aux/IAA proteins.In the two decades following the identification of the first ARF,23 ARF members have been identified and characterized in Arabidopsis.Using whole-genome sequencing,22,25,23,25,and 36 ARF genes have been identified in tomato,rice,wheat,sorghum,and maize,respectively,in addition to which the related biofunctions of some ARFs have been reported.ARFs play crucial roles in regulating the growth and development of roots,leaves,flowers,fruits,seeds,responses to biotic and abiotic stresses,and phytohormone signal crosstalk.In this review,we summarize the research progress on the structures and functions of ARFs in Arabidopsis,tomato,and cereal crops,to provide clues for future basic research on phytohormone signaling and the molecular design breeding of crops.
