位涡源汇和位涡环流及其天气气候意义

在扼要回顾地表位涡研究进展的基础上,本文介绍了复杂地形下的位涡及位涡制造的计算及近年来关于位涡源汇和位涡环流(PVC)的研究进展,侧重介绍青藏高原表层位涡的特殊性及其对天气气候的重要影响。阐明对于绝热和无摩擦大气运动,由于位涡本身的结构重组(位涡重构)可以引起垂直涡度的发展,在夏季可以激发高原涡形成,冬季使青藏高原东部成为重要的表面涡源。基于导得的包括非绝热加热作用的、与等熵面的位移相联系的垂直运动(ωID)方程,进一步阐明青藏高原制造的正位涡沿西风气流东传会引起下游地区低空气旋性涡度、偏南风、和上升运动发展,导致位涡平流随高度增加,激发极端天气气候事件发生发展。指出青藏高原地表加热和云底的潜热释放的日变化显著地影响着地表层位涡的日变化,导致青藏高原的低涡降水系统多在午后至夜间发生发展。证明与传统的青藏高原感热加热指数相比,青藏高原地表层位涡指数能够更好地刻画关于降水的季节变化,与亚洲夏季风降水相关更密切。本文还简单介绍了PVC的概念。指出由于区域边界面的PVC的辐散辐合的变化直接与区域位涡的变化相关联,为保持北半球位涡总量的相对稳定,跨赤道面上的PVC变化与地表PVC的变化必须相互补充,因此跨赤道面上的位涡环流的变化可以成为监测近地表气候变化的窗口。近赤道的海气相互作用能够直接造成沿赤道垂直面上的纬向风垂直切变的变化,激发跨赤道位涡环流异常,从而通过大气内部PVC的变化和青藏高原的调控影响北半球近地表的气候变化。结果表明位涡环流分析为建立热带和热带外大气环流变化的联系开辟了新的蹊径,有着广阔的应用前景。

省际间高等职业教育经费支出的经济效应研究

针对我国31个省份2004-2019年包括高职教育在内的不同类型和层面的生均教育经费支出数据,一方面考察高职教育资源配置的社会公平性状况,另一方面针对各类生均教育经费支出与区域经济增长的影响关系建立了面板模型进行了实证检验。研究发现:省际间高职教育资源配置不均、社会不公平问题客观存在,且存在差异逐渐拉大的趋势;在各类生均教育经费支出中,职业教育(尤其是高职教育)经费支出对经济增长的推动作用效果最弱,尚未发挥出内在潜力,据此提出可行性政策建言。

Circulating proteomic biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:a cross-sectional study

Biomarke rs are required for the early detection,prognosis prediction,and monitoring of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,a progressive disease.Proteomics is an unbiased and quantitative method that can be used to detect neurochemical signatures to aid in the identification of candidate biomarke rs.In this study,we used a label-free quantitative proteomics approach to screen for substantially differentially regulated proteins in ten patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral scle rosis compared with five healthy controls.Su bstantial upregulation of serum proteins related to multiple functional clusters was observed in patients with spo radic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Potential biomarke rs were selected based on functionality and expression specificity.To validate the proteomics profiles,blood samples from an additional cohort comprising 100 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 100 healthy controls were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Eight substantially upregulated serum proteins in patients with spora dic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were selected,of which the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide demonstrated the best discriminative ability between patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and healthy controls(area under the curve[AUC]=0.713,P<0.0001).To further enhance diagnostic accuracy,a multi-protein combined discriminant algorithm was developed incorporating five proteins(hemoglobin beta,cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide,talin-1,zyxin,and translationally-controlled tumor protein).The algo rithm achieved an AUC of 0.811 and a P-value of<0.0001,resulting in 79%sensitivity and 71%specificity for the diagnosis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral scle rosis.Subsequently,the ability of candidate biomarkers to discriminate between early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and controls,as well as patients with different disease severities,was examined.A two-protein panel comprising talin-1 and translationally-controlled tumor protein effectively distinguished early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from controls(AUC=0.766,P<0.0001).Moreove r,the expression of three proteins(FK506 binding protein 1A,cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide,and hemoglobin beta-1)was found to increase with disease progression.The proteomic signatures developed in this study may help facilitate early diagnosis and monitor the progression of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when used in co mbination with curre nt clinical-based parameters.

2021年7月20—22日豫北地区暴雨过程中尺度低涡和垂直运动发展的位涡动力学诊断

2021年7月17—23日,河南省发生了一次大范围的强降水过程(简称河南“21.7”特大暴雨)。20—22日暴雨中心移至豫北地区,在太行山东侧新乡、鹤壁等地引发了洪涝灾害。基于自动雨量站观测和ERA5再分析数据,利用位涡倾向方程和垂直运动分解方法,对河南“21.7”特大暴雨事件中豫北地区暴雨过程中中尺度低涡及垂直运动发展的热动力学机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明:豫北地区强降水凝结潜热引起的大气非绝热加热,因其垂直分布在低空随高度上升而制造位涡,使得低层大气位涡增强,表明中尺度低涡发展;另外,加深的中尺度低涡又使得等熵面进一步下凹、倾斜坡度增大,从而增强大尺度东南暖湿气流向豫北地区的辐合与抬升,特别是沿等熵面上滑的上升运动分量和与凝结潜热有关的上升运动分量,导致降水进一步加强。由此,中尺度低涡、垂直运动和强降水发展之间形成一定的正反馈,在豫北造成持续性暴雨过程。

Hydrodynamic characteristics and particle tracking of 90° lateral intakes at an inclined river slope

Lateral intakes are common in rivers.The pump effciency and sediment deposition are determined by the local hydrodynamic characteristics and mainstream division width.The hydraulic characteristics of lateral withdrawal from inclined river slopes at different intake elevations should be investigated.Meanwhile,the division width exhibits significant vertical non-uniformity at an inclined river slope,which should be clarified.Hence,a three-dimensional(3-D)hydrodynamic and particle-tracking model was developed with the Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation(Open FOAM),and the model was validated with physical model tests for 90°lateral withdrawal from an inclined side bank.The flow fields,withdrawal sources,and division widths were investigated with different intake bottom elevations,withdrawal discharges,and main channel velocities.This study showed that under inclined side bank conditions,water entered the intake at an oblique angle,causing significant 3-D spiral flows in the intake rather than two-dimensional closed recirculation.A lower withdrawal discharge,a lower bottom elevation of the intake,or a higher main channel velocity could further strengthen this phenomenon.The average division width and turbulent kinetic energy were smaller under inclined side bank conditions than under vertical bank conditions.With a low intake bottom elevation,a low withdrawal discharge,or a high main channel velocity,the sources of lateral withdrawal were in similar ranges near the local inclined bank in the vertical direction.Under inclined slope conditions,sediment deposition near the intake entrance could be reduced,compared to that under vertical slope conditions.The results provide hydrodynamic and sediment references for engineering designs for natural rivers with inclined terrains.

Tackling the proton limit under industrial electrochemical CO_(2)reduction by a local proton shuttle

Industrial CO_(2)electroreduction has received tremendous attentions for resolution of the current energy and environmental crisis,but its performance is greatly limited by mass transport at high current density.In this work,an ion‐polymer‐modified gas‐diffusion electrode is used to tackle this proton limit.It is found that gas diffusion electrode‐Nafion shows an impressive performance of 75.2%Faradaic efficiency in multicarbon products at an industrial current density of 1.16 A/cm^(2).Significantly,in‐depth electrochemical characterizations combined with in situ Raman have been used to determine the full workflow of protons,and it is found that HCO_(3)^(−)acts as a proton pool near the reaction environment,and HCO_(3)^(−)and H_(3)O^(+)are local proton donors that interact with the proton shuttle−SO_(3)^(−)from Nafion.With rich proton hopping sites that decrease the activation energy,a“Grotthuss”mechanism for proton transport in the above system has been identified rather than the“Vehicle”mechanism with a higher energy barrier.Therefore,this work could be very useful in terms of the achievement of industrial CO_(2)reduction fundamentally and practically.

Overexpression of TRPV1 activates autophagy in human lens epithelial cells under hyperosmotic stress through Ca^(2+)-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway

●AIM:To explore whether autophagy functions as a cellular adaptation mechanism in lens epithelial cells(LECs)under hyperosmotic stress.●METHODS:LECs were treated with hyperosmotic stress at the concentration of 270,300,400,500,or 600 mOsm for 6,12,18,24h in vitro.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was employed for the mRNA expression of autophagyrelated genes,while Western blotting detected the targeted protein expression.The transfection of stub-RFP-sens-GFPLC3 autophagy-related double fluorescence lentivirus was conducted to detect the level of autophagy flux.Scanning electron microscopy was used to detect the existence of autolysosome.Short interfering RNA of autophagy-related gene(ATG)7,transient receptor potential vanilloid(TRPV)1 overexpression plasmid,related agonists and inhibitors were employed to their influence on autophagy related pathway.Flow cytometry was employed to test the apoptosis and intracellular Ca^(2+)level.Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by JC-1 staining.The cell counting kit-8 assay was used to calculate the cellular viability.The wound healing assay was used to evaluate the wound closure rate.GraphPad 6.0 software was utilized to evaluate the data.●RESULTS:The hyperosmotic stress activated autophagy in a pressure-and time-dependent manner in LECs.Beclin 1 protein expression and conversion of LC3B II to LC3B I increased,whereas sequestosome-1(SQSTM1)protein expression decreased.Transient Ca^(2+)influx was stimulated caused by hyperosmotic stress,levels of mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)phosphorylation decreased,and the level of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)phosphorylation increased in the early stage.Based on this evidence,autophagy activation through the Ca^(2+)-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway might represent an adaptation process in LECs under hyperosmotic stress.Hyperosmotic stress decreased cellular viability and accelerated apoptosis in LECs and cellular migration decreased.Inhibition of autophagy by ATG7 knockdown had similar results.TRPV1 overexpression increased autophagy and might be crucial in the occurrence of autophagy promoted by hyperosmotic stress.●CONCLUSION:A combination of hyperosmotic stress and autophagy inhibition may be a promising approach to decrease the number of LECs in the capsular bag and pave the way for improving prevention of posterior capsular opacification and capsular fibrosis.

Achieving Synergistic Improvement in Dielectric and Energy Storage Properties of All-Organic Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)-Based Copolymers Via Establishing Charge Traps

How to achieve synergistic improvement of permittivity(ε_(r))and breakdown strength(E_(b))is a huge challenge for polymer dielectrics.Here,for the first time,theπ-conjugated comonomer(MHT)can simultaneously promote theε_(r)and E_(b)of linear poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)copolymers.The PMMA-based random copolymer films(P(MMA-co-MHT)),block copolymer films(PMMA-b-PMHT),and PMMA-based blend films were prepared to investigate the effects of sequential structure,phase separation structure,and modification method on dielectric and energy storage properties of PMMA-based dielectric films.As a result,the random copolymer P(MMA-coMHT)can achieve a maximumε_(r)of 5.8 at 1 kHz owing to the enhanced orientation polarization and electron polarization.Because electron injection and charge transfer are limited by the strong electrostatic attraction ofπ-conjugated benzophenanthrene group analyzed by the density functional theory(DFT),the discharge energy density value of P(MMA-co-PMHT)containing 1 mol%MHT units with the efficiency of 80%reaches15.00 J cm^(-3)at 872 MV m^(-1),which is 165%higher than that of pure PMMA.This study provides a simple and effective way to fabricate the high performance of polymer dielectrics via copolymerization with the monomer of P-type semi-conductive polymer.

济南泉域长孝岩溶水单元水化学特征及硝酸盐污染分布

济南市保泉与供水之间的矛盾一直突出,而实现泉水保护和水资源的可持续利用之间的平衡是亟须解决的问题。长孝水文地质单元是济南市重要的地下水水源地,了解该单元地下水的水化学演化特征及水质现状是科学合理利用地下水的前提。本文利用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、饱和指数及离子比等方法研究了长孝岩溶水单元的地下水水化学演化特征并对地下水水质进行了评价,结果显示,研究区地下水主要受到岩石风化作用的控制,地下水类型较为丰富,最主要的为HCO_(3)-Ca型水。此外,区内岩溶地下水受到了不同程度的污染,部分区域硝酸根离子超过生活饮用水标准,超标区域主要分布在人口分布密集区和第四系地层较薄区域。本研究为济南市进一步科学开发利用岩溶水资源提供了科学依据。

Protective effect of Liangxue Huayu decoction on human retinal pigment epithelial cell(ARPE-19)injury induced by hypoxia through autophagy pathway

Background:Exploring the protective mechanism of the Liangxue Huayu(LXHY)decoction on human retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells induced by hypoxia through the autophagy pathway.Methods:The appropriate LXHY decoction concentration was determined by CCK-8.ARPE-19 cells were divided into the normal control group(A group),CoCl_(2)group(B group),3-Methyladenine(3-MA)group(treated with 3-MA(the inhibition of autophagy pathway))(C group),blank serum(BS)group(D group),LXHY drug-contained serum(DCS)group(E group),and Rapamycin(RAP)group[treated with LXHY drug-contained serum combined with rapamycin group(the activation of autophagy pathway)](F group).Counting the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in each group of cells under transmission electron microscopy.After infection of cells in each group by mRFP-GFP-LC3 fusion protein adenovirus,the strength of autophagic flux was detected.The mRNA expression levels of LC3 and Beclin-1 were detected by Q-PCR.Results:CCK-8 assay results showed that LXHY DCS could inhibit the cell proliferation of ARPE-19 under hypoxia(all P<0.05).As the transmission electron microscopy assay result showed,compared with the normal control group,the number of autolysosomes was significantly increased in the CoCl_(2)group(P<0.05).Compared with CoCl_(2)group,the number of autolysosomes was significantly reduced the 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).As autophagic flux assay result showed,compared with the normal control group,the level of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly risen in CoCl_(2)group(all P<0.001).Compared with the CoCl_(2)group,the level of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly fell down in 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.05).The level of autolysosomes in the LXHY drug-contained serum group was lower than in the blank serum group(P<0.05).Compared with the LXHY drug-contained serum group,the levels of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly risen in the LXHY drug-contained serum combined with the rapamycin group(all P<0.05).As the Q-PCR result showed,compared with the normal control group,the expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 mRNA were significantly reduced in the CoCl_(2)group(all P<0.001).Compared with the CoCl_(2)group,the expression of LC3 mRNA were significantly increased in the 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).Beclin-1 mRNA expression was increased significantly(all P<0.001)in the blank serum group and the LXHY drug-contained serum group.And Beclin-1 mRNA expression in the LXHY drug-contained serum group was statistically significant increased than blank serum group(P<0.001).In the LXHY drug-contained serum combined with the rapamycin group,the LC3 and Beclin-1 mRNA expression was reduced significantly compared with the LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).Conclusion:The LXHY DCS has the ability to protect the human retinal pigment epithelial cell(ARPE-19)damage under hypoxia through the autophagy pathway.

芝麻不同组织中矿物质元素分布特征及相关性分析

为探明芝麻不同组织中矿物质元素含量的分布特征,本研究采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对芝麻不同组织中、不同种皮色芝麻籽粒中Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn等矿物质元素的含量进行测定及分析。结果显示不同芝麻组织中矿物质元素含量水平差异显著,Ca在不同组织中含量相差最高可高达4倍,在叶中平均含量最高,为2151.61 mg/100g,其次为20 d籽粒,平均含量为984.18 mg/100g;Mg在叶和20d发育籽粒中含量较高,平均含量分别为390.23 mg/100g和300.01 mg/100g;Fe在叶中含量相对较高,为19.98 mg/100g;Cu和Zn在芝麻组织中相对其他矿物质含量较低,均小于5.00 mg/100g,以叶片中的Cu的含量最高。不同种皮色的芝麻成熟籽粒中矿物质元素含量结果显示,芝麻籽粒中Ca和Mg含量最高,平均含量分别为1133.64 mg/100g和382.85 mg/100g。褐色芝麻具有最高的Ca、Mg和Cu的平均含量,分别为1342.68 mg/100g、445.95 mg/100g和2.38 mg/100g;黑色芝麻具有最高的Fe含量,为11.77 mg/100g;浅褐色芝麻具有最高的Zn含量,为7.70 mg/100g。在不同组织和成熟籽粒中,Ca和Mg的含量分别具有极显著和显著的正向相关性,Cu和Ca、Mg的含量在不同组织中呈极显著正相关,在成熟籽粒中,Zn和Fe含量呈极显著正相关。明确矿物质元素含量在芝麻不同组织中的分布特征将为芝麻综合开发利用提供理论参考和数据支撑。

应用16S rDNA扩增子序列分析去卵巢骨丢失小鼠口腔菌群的变化

背景口腔微生物失调加重了多种口腔疾病和系统性疾病的进程。进入绝经后期的妇女罹患口腔黏膜病和加速牙周骨质丢失的风险更高,但口腔菌群变化与女性进入绝经后期之间的联系尚不清楚。目的应用16S rDNA扩增子测序,初步观察卵巢切除小鼠的口腔菌群结构变化。方法16只雌性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为卵巢切除(ovariectomy,OVX)组和假手术(sham-operated,Sham)组。卵巢切除术4周后对股骨进行显微CT扫描和骨密度与骨参数的分析,取小鼠口腔拭子进行16S rDNA高通量测序。结果与Sham组比较,OVX组骨密度、骨体积分数、骨小梁厚度和骨小梁数量显著下降,骨表面积/骨体积和骨小梁分离度显著升高(P<0.05)。两组的口腔菌群共同含有687种ASVs,Sham组特有1086种,OVX特有930种。OVX组的Chao1指数与Sham组差异无统计学意义,但Simpson指数显著低于Sham组(P<0.05)。门水平上OVX组的拟杆菌门和梭杆菌门丰度较Sham组下降(P<0.05)。属水平上OVX组的梭杆菌属、乳酸乳球菌属、萨特氏菌属等菌属的丰度相比SHAM组降低(P<0.05);放线菌属等菌属的丰度相比Sham组升高(P<0.05)。LEfSe分析结果显示,Sham组厚壁菌门和芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)的相对丰度升高(P<0.05)。结论卵巢切除小鼠出现骨丢失现象,并且口腔菌群的多样性和菌群结构发生了改变,初步为研究绝经后妇女口腔菌群改变与口腔疾病加重的关系提供依据。

开发和验证一种预后的列线图来指导肺大细胞神经内分泌癌的决策

背景与目的肺大细胞神经内分泌癌(lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma,LCNEC)是一种罕见且预后极差的肺恶性肿瘤。目前对LCNEC的研究大多基于回顾性研究,缺乏现实世界的验证。本研究旨在识别独立的危险因素,建立并验证LCNEC预后的预测模型。方法从2010至2015年监测、流行病学和结果数据库(Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results,SEER)和我科2016至2020年住院患者中提取患者资料。采用Kaplan-Meier法评估总生存期(overall survival,OS)。OS被定义为患者从确诊到死亡或最后一次随访时间。单因素Cov回归分析和多因素Cox回归分析确定显著的预后因素。从而构建预测LCNEC预后的Nomogram。结果共纳入1892例LCNEC患者,分为训练队列(n=1288)和两个验证队列(n=552,n=52)。单因素Cox回归分析显示年龄、性别、肿瘤原发部位、偏侧、肿瘤原发灶-淋巴结-转移(tumor-node-metastasis,TNM)各分期、手术、放疗可影响LCNEC的预后(P<0.05),多因素Cox分析显示年龄、性别、肿瘤原发部位、T分期、N分期、M分期、手术、放疗是LCNEC患者预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。校准曲线和一致性指数(内部:0.744±0.015;外部:0.763±0.020、0.832±0.055)显示模型预测性能良好。结论年龄≥65岁、男性、TNM分期晚、未经过手术或放疗的患者预后不佳。列线图可以对患者的个性化临床决策提供一定的参考。

碱性聚合物电解质膜的表面锥形阵列结构提升燃料电池性能

燃料电池作为一种清洁高效的能量转换装置,被认为是构建未来社会可再生能源结构的关键一环。不同于质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC),碱性聚合物电解质燃料电池(APEFC)的出现使非贵金属催化剂的使用成为可能,因而受到了日益广泛的关注和研究。APEFC的关键结构是膜电极,主要由聚合物电解质膜和阴阳极(含催化层、气体扩散层)组成,膜电极是电化学反应发生的场所,其优劣直接决定着电池性能的好坏。因此,基于现有的碱性聚合物电解质及催化剂体系,如何构筑更加优化的膜电极结构,使APEFC发挥出更高的电池性能是亟待开展的研究。本文首先通过模板法在碱性聚合物电解质膜的表面构建出有序的锥形阵列,再将具有阵列结构的一侧作为阴极来构筑膜电极,同时,作为对比,制备了由无阵列结构的聚合物电解质膜构筑而成的膜电极,最后对基于两种不同膜电极的APEFC的电化学性能进行了对比研究。实验结果表明,锥形阵列结构可以将APEFC的峰值功率密度由1.04 W·cm^(−2)显著提高到1.48 W·cm^(−2),这主要归因于在APEFC的阴极侧具有锥形阵列结构的聚合物电解质膜的亲水性的提升和催化剂电化学活性面积的增加。本工作为碱性聚合物电解质燃料电池的膜电极结构设计与优化提供了新思路。

基于卷积神经网络的种植体周围牙槽骨关键点识别方法研究

目的:为了准确识别种植体周围牙槽骨的关键点,提出一种基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)的种植体周围牙槽骨关键点识别方法。方法:首先,收集158例成人患者种植牙术后的锥形束CT(cone beam CT,CBCT)影像学资料,选择436张种植体的冠状位、矢状位的切片图像;其次,采用高分辨力网络(high-resolution network,HRNet)进行特征提取,通过属性分解热图实现单阶段牙槽骨关键点检测,并采用局部估计精化(refinement with local estimation,LE Refinement)方法减小由于热图分辨力低引起的量化误差;最后,将LE Refinement方法与None、Upsample、Offset regression方法进行对比,以验证其对种植体周围牙槽骨关键点的识别效果。结果:LE Refinement方法识别种植体周围牙槽骨关键点的平均精度均值为85.6%,均优于None、Upsample、Offset regression方法。结论:基于CNN的种植体周围牙槽骨关键点识别方法能够较好地识别种植体周围牙槽骨关键点,可以为临床医生提供参考。

Water hammer protection for diversion systems in front of pumps in long-distance water supply projects

For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention. In this study, a water hammer protection scheme combined with an overflow surge tank and a regulating valve was developed. A mathematical model of the overflow surge tank was developed, and an analytical formula for the height of the overflow surge tank was derived. Furthermore, a practical water supply project was used to evaluate the feasibility of the combined protection scheme and analyze the sensitivity of valve regulation rules. The results showed that the combined protection scheme effectively reduced the height of the surge tank, lessened the difficulties related to construction, and reduced the necessary financial investment for the project. The two-stage closing rule articulated as fast first and then slow could minimize the overflow volume of the surge tank when the power failure occurred, while the two-stage opening rule articulated as slow first and then fast could be more conducive to the safety of the water supply system when the pump started up.

Incorporation ofκ-carrageenan improves the practical features of agar/konjac glucomannan/κ-carrageenan ternary system

Three materials(agar,konjac glucomannan(KGM)andκ-carrageenan)were used to prepare ternary systems,i.e.,sol-gels and their dried composites conditioned at varied relative humidity(RH)(33%,54%and 75%).Combined methods,e.g.,scanning electron microscopy,small-angle X-ray scattering,infrared spectroscopy(IR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD),were used to disclose howκ-carrageenan addition tailors the features of agar/KGM/κ-carrageenan ternary system.As affirmed by IR and XRD,the ternary systems withκ-carrageenan below 25%(agar/KGM/carrageenan,50:25:25,m/m)displayed proper component interactions,which increased the sol-gel transition temperature and the hardness of obtained gels.For instance,the ternary composites could show hardness about 3 to 4 times higher than that for binary counterpart.These gels were dehydrated to acquire ternary composites.Compared to agar/KGM composite,the ternary composites showed fewer crystallites and nanoscale orders,and newly-formed nanoscale structures from chain assembly.Such multi-scale structures,for composites withκ-carrageenan below 25%,showed weaker changes with RH,as revealed by especially morphologic and crystalline features.Consequently,the ternary composites with lessκ-carrageenan(below 25%)exhibited stabilized elongation at break and hydrophilicity at different RHs.This hints to us that agar/KGM/κ-carrageenan composite systems can display series applications with improved features,e.g.,increased sol-gel transition point.

Anti-IgLON5 disease: a novel topic beyond neuroimmunology

Anti-IgLON5 disease is a recently defined autoimmune disorder of the nervous system associated with autoantibodies against IgLON5. Given its broad clinical spectrum and extremely complex pathogenesis, as well as difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment, anti-IgLON5 disease has become the subject of considerable research attention in the field of neuroimmunology. Anti-IgLON5 disease has characteristics of both autoimmunity and neurodegeneration due to the unique activity of the antiIgLON5 antibody. Neuropathologic examination revealed the presence of a tauopathy preferentially affecting the hypothalamus and brainstem tegmentum, potentially broadening our understanding of tauopathies. In contrast to that seen with other autoimmune encephalitis-related antibodies, basic studies have demonstrated that IgLON5 antibody-induced neuronal damage and degeneration are irreversible, indicative of a potential link between autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in antiIgLON5 disease. Herein, we comprehensively review and discuss basic and clinical studies relating to anti-IgLON5 disease to better understand this complicated disorder.

Temporal dynamics of microglia-astrocyte interaction in neuroprotective glial scar formation after intracerebral hemorrhage

The role of glial scar after intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)remains unclear.This study aimed to investigate whether microglia-astrocyte interaction affects glial scar formation and explore the specific function of glial scar.We used a pharmacologic approach to induce microglial depletion during different ICH stages and examine how ablating microglia affects astrocytic scar formation.Spatial transcriptomics(ST)analysis was performed to explore the potential ligand-receptor pair in the modulation of microglia-astrocyte interaction and to verify the functional changes of astrocytic scars at different periods.During the early stage,sustained microglial depletion induced disorganized astrocytic scar,enhanced neutrophil infiltration,and impaired tissue repair.ST analysis indicated that microglia-derived insulin like growth factor 1(IGF1)modulated astrocytic scar formation via mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling activation.Moreover,repopulating microglia(RM)more strongly activated mTOR signaling,facilitating a more protective scar formation.The combination of IGF1 and osteopontin(OPN)was necessary and sufficient for RM function,rather than IGF1 or OPN alone.At the chronic stage of ICH,the overall net effect of astrocytic scar changed from protective to destructive and delayed microglial depletion could partly reverse this.The vital insight gleaned from our data is that sustained microglial depletion may not be a reasonable treatment strategy for early-stage ICH.Inversely,early-stage IGF1/OPN treatment combined with late-stage PLX3397 treatment is a promising therapeutic strategy.This prompts us to consider the complex temporal dynamics and overall net effect of microglia and astrocytes,and develop elaborate treatment strategies at precise time points after ICH.

Asymmetric acidic/alkaline N_(2)electrofixation accelerated by high-entropy metal-organic framework derivatives

High-entropy materials are composed of five or more metal elements with equimolar or near-equimolar concentrations within one crystal structure,which offer remarkable structural properties for many applications.Despite previously reported entropy-driven stabilization mechanisms,many high-entropy materials still tend to decompose to produce a variety of derivatives under operating conditions.In this study,we use transition-metal(Ni,Co,Ni,Zn,V)-based high-entropy metal-organic frameworks(HE-MOFs)as the precursors to produce different derivatives under acidic/alkaline treatment.We have shown that HE-MOFs and derivatives have shown favorable kinetics for N_(2)electrofixation in different pH electrolytes,specifically cathodic nitrogen reduction reaction in acidic media and anodic oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media.To buffer the pH mismatch,we have further constructed an asymmetric acidic/alkaline device prototype by using bipolar membranes.As expected,the prototype showed remarkable activities,with an NH_(3)yield rate of 42.76μg h^(−1)mg^(−1),and Faradaic efficiency of 14.75%and energy efficiency of 2.59%,which are 14.4 and 4.4 times larger than those of its symmetric acidic and alkaline counterparts,respectively.