Study on the role of autophagy in the occurrence and development of liver diseases

Autophagy is a process of lysosome degradation,which plays an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis and organ integrity through the degradation of misfolded proteins,removal of damaged organelles and excess lipids,which is one of the research hotspots in recent years.Liver disease often develops into chronic disease with high mortality,which seriously affects the life safety and quality of life of patients.Studies have shown that autophagy participates in the processes of cellular immunity and oxidative stress,plays an important role in a variety of liver diseases,has the characteristics of two-way regulation,and moderate autophagy has a protective effect.Excessive or dysfunctional autophagy can promote cell death and lead to the occurrence and development of the disease.at present,regulating autophagy is considered as a potential treatment.Based on chronic viral hepatitis,liver fibrosis,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,acute liver failure and primary liver cancer,this paper reviews the functional characteristics and regulatory mechanism of autophagy in liver diseases.to explore new therapeutic targets for liver diseases,in order to provide new ideas and basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Advances in the mechanism of bile acids in liver regeneration

Hepatocytes can divide rapidly and proliferate in the absence of inflammation and fibroplasia in the damaged or partial hepatectomy(PHx)of the liver,which is essential for the recovery of related patients.Recent studies have found that bile acids(BA)play an important role in the process of liver regeneration.In the early stages of PHx,bile acid overload occurs,and liver injury is aggravated by loading.Later bile acids can induce protective and proliferative responses in the liver and promote liver regeneration.In this paper,we summarize the negative effects after bile acid overload and its positive role as a signaling molecule involved in related signaling pathways on liver regeneration,including protection of the liver and promotion of liver regeneration,and its double-edswordged"in Liver regeneration.This provides a theoretical basis for subsequent in-depth study of the mechanism and benefit avoidance in clinical treatment.

Mechanism of action and targeted therapy of stellate cells in liver fibrosis

The incidence of liver fibrosis is increasing worldwide,and if left untreated,it will later develop into cirrhosis with a high mortality rate.In this paper,the activation pathway and related mechanism of stellate cells in liver fibrosis are introduced,and some current therapeutic methods are summarized.These results suggest that stellate cells play an important role in liver fibrosis,and targeted therapy for the purpose of inhibiting the activation of stellate cells and inducing their apoptosis is expected to be an effective regimen to reverse liver fibrosis.However,there are some problems such as insufficient in-depth study of related mechanisms and imperfect experiments.In future animal experiments and clinical trials,more studies can be carried out to provide high-quality protocols for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Road effects on vegetation composition in a saline environment

Aims Road effects from maintenance and traffic have the potential to alter plant communities,but the exact relationships between these effects and changes in plant community composition have not often been studied in diverse environments.To determine the direction and level of community composition changes in saline environment due to road effects,we conducted a study along roads of different ages and in nearby non-road(i.e.natural)areas in the Yellow River Delta,China.Additionally,to potentially elucidate the mechanisms underlying the changes in the richness and composition of plant communities along roads,we evaluated physiochemical changes in soil of roadside and non-road areas.Methods Floristic and environmental data were collected along roadside of different ages and nearby non-road areas.To evaluate plant communities at each site,six 2 m 32 m quadrats were placed at 3-m intervals along roads and six quadrats were arranged randomly in non-road areas.To determine the difference in plant community composition betweenroadside andnon-road areas,wemeasuredspecies richness and the abundance of each species,examined species turnover and floristic dissimilarity between the two areas and positioned plant species and sites in an abstract multivariate space.Plant community(species richness,percentage of halophytes)and soil physicochemical properties(pH,salinity,moisture content,bulk density,nitrate and ammonium nitrogen concentration)were compared between roadside and non-road areas(young roadside vs.corresponding non-road areas,old roadside vs.corresponding non-road areas)by using t-tests.Classification and ordination techniques were used to examine the relationship between vegetation and related environmental variables in both roadside and non-road areas.Important Findings For both the young and old roadside areas,species richness in roadside areas was significantly higher than in non-road areas and high floristic dissimilarity values indicated that roadside and non-road areas differed greatly in community composition.In both the young and old roadside areas,the plant communities in roadside areas had lower percentages of halophytes than non-road communities.Correspondence analysis and two-way indicator species analysis showed that halophytes dominated in the non-road areas,while a number of typical non-salt-tolerant species dominated in the roadside areas.Compared to non-road areas,activities associated with roads significantly decreased soil moisture,bulk density and salinity and increased soil pH and nitrate content.Forward selection for the environmental variables in canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil salinity was the most important factor related to the variation of species composition between roadside and non-road areas.Our study demonstrates that road effects have a significant impact on the associated vegetation and soil,and these changes are consistent across roads of different ages in our system.