Bioinformatics analysis of metallothionein gene from <i>Agaricus bisporus, Ganoderma lucidum, Taiwanofungus camphorates</i>and <i>Paxillus involutus</i>

Metallothionein (MT) gene has an important role in the detoxification of toxic metals especially some heavy metals. Based on the published sequences of MT genes from Agaricus bisporus, Garnoderma lucidum, Taiwanofungus camphoratus and Paxillus involutus as a type of the edible or medical mushroom in NCBI database, their molecular structures, physiological functions and evolutionary relationship were analyzed using the bioinformatics methods. Results showed that AbMT, GlMT, TcMT and PiMT genes contained complete open reading frame (ORF) and their theoretical points of the last three encoding proteins were higher than 7.0. AbMT, GlMT, TcMT and PiMT were relatively rich in random coil and extended strand, but transmembrane helices and signal peptides were not found. 4 MTs were mainly localized in cell nucleus (over 60%) and their cellular functions might have some relation to central intermediary metabolism. Multiple sequence alignment indicated relatively high identity (more than 52%) and short genetic distances (lower than 0.900) among 4 MT nucleotide sequences. Abundant genetic diversity and strong codon bias were found based on the halotype diversity, average number of nucleotide differences, nucleotide diversity, effective number of codons, codon bias index and scaled chisquare. Simultaneously, we deduced that 4 MT genes during molecular evolution were under positive selection. The present study might provide basis for further investigation of MTs molecular mechanisms and genetic laws.

The dengue preface to endemic in China's Mainland:the historical largest outbreak by Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou,2014

Background:Dengue was regarded as a mild epidemic in China's Mainland transmitted by Aedes albopictus.However,the 2014 record-breaking outbreak in Guangzhou could change the situation.In order to provide an early warning of epidemic trends and provide evidence for prevention and control strategies,we seek to characterize the 2014 outbreak through application of detailed cases and entomological data,as well as phylogenetic analysis of viral envelope(E)gene.Methods:We used case survey data identified through the Notifiable Infectious Disease Report System,entomological surveillance and population serosurvey,along with laboratory testing for IgM/IgG,NS1,and isolation of viral samples followed by E gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to examine the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of the outbreak.Results:The 2014 dengue outbreak in Guangzhou accounted for nearly 80%of total reported cases that year in China's Mainland;a total of 37,376 cases including 37,340 indigenous cases with incidence rate 2908.3 per million and 36 imported cases were reported in Guangzhou,with 14,055 hospitalized and 5 deaths.The epidemic lasted for 193 days from June 11 to December 21,with the highest incidence observed in domestic workers,the unemployed and retirees.The inapparent infection rate was 18.00%(135/750).In total,96 dengue virus 1(DENV-1)and 11 dengue virus 2(DENV-2)strains were isolated.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the DENV-1 strains were divided into genotype I and V,similar to the strains isolated in Guangzhou and Dongguan in 2013.The DENV-2 strains isolated were similar to those imported from Thailand on May 11 in 2014 and that imported from Indonesia in 2012.Conclusions:The 2014 dengue epidemic was confirmed to be the first co-circulation of DENV-1 and DENV-2 in Guangzhou.The DENV-1 strain was endemic,while the DENV-2 strain was imported,being efficiently transmitted by the Aedes albopictus vector species at levels as high as Aedes aegypti.