BACKGROUND To avoid acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis,current guidelines recommend screening for high-risk esophageal varices(EVs)by determining variceal size and identifying red wale markings.However,visual measur...BACKGROUND To avoid acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis,current guidelines recommend screening for high-risk esophageal varices(EVs)by determining variceal size and identifying red wale markings.However,visual measurements of EV during routine endoscopy are often inaccurate.AIM To determine whether biopsy forceps(BF)could be used as a reference to improve the accuracy of binary classification of variceal size.METHODS An in vitro self-made EV model with sizes ranging from 2 to 12 mm in diameter was constructed.An online image-based survey comprising 11 endoscopic images of simulated EV without BF and 11 endoscopic images of EV with BF was assembled and sent to 84 endoscopists.The endoscopists were blinded to the actual EV size and evaluated the 22 images in random order.RESULTS The respondents included 48 academic and four private endoscopists.The accuracy of EV size estimation was low in both the visual(13.81%)and BF-based(20.28%)groups.The use of open forceps improved the ability of the endoscopists to correctly classify the varices by size(small≤5 mm,large>5 mm)from 71.85%to 82.17%(P<0.001).CONCLUSION BF may improve the accuracy of EV size assessment,and its use in clinical practice should be investigated.展开更多
Dear Editor, 46,XY disorder of sex development （DSD） is characterized by a female phenotype in an individual with a normal 46,XY karyotype.1 The clinical phenotTpe of 46,XY DSD is characterized by bilateral undesce...Dear Editor, 46,XY disorder of sex development （DSD） is characterized by a female phenotype in an individual with a normal 46,XY karyotype.1 The clinical phenotTpe of 46,XY DSD is characterized by bilateral undescended testes and a normal female appearance, including breasts, female external genitalia, and other secondary sex characteristics, but the absence of a uterus or ovaries.2 Development of the male external genitalia in the fetal period depends on the biosynthesis of testosterone （T）, the conversion ofT into dihydrotestosterone （DHT） by steroid 5α-reductase type 2 （SRD5A2）, and the response of functionally active androgen receptors in genital tissues） The disruption of any of these stages will block the differentiation of internal and external genitalia and cause 46,XY DSD.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND To avoid acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis,current guidelines recommend screening for high-risk esophageal varices(EVs)by determining variceal size and identifying red wale markings.However,visual measurements of EV during routine endoscopy are often inaccurate.AIM To determine whether biopsy forceps(BF)could be used as a reference to improve the accuracy of binary classification of variceal size.METHODS An in vitro self-made EV model with sizes ranging from 2 to 12 mm in diameter was constructed.An online image-based survey comprising 11 endoscopic images of simulated EV without BF and 11 endoscopic images of EV with BF was assembled and sent to 84 endoscopists.The endoscopists were blinded to the actual EV size and evaluated the 22 images in random order.RESULTS The respondents included 48 academic and four private endoscopists.The accuracy of EV size estimation was low in both the visual(13.81%)and BF-based(20.28%)groups.The use of open forceps improved the ability of the endoscopists to correctly classify the varices by size(small≤5 mm,large>5 mm)from 71.85%to 82.17%(P<0.001).CONCLUSION BF may improve the accuracy of EV size assessment,and its use in clinical practice should be investigated.
文摘Dear Editor, 46,XY disorder of sex development （DSD） is characterized by a female phenotype in an individual with a normal 46,XY karyotype.1 The clinical phenotTpe of 46,XY DSD is characterized by bilateral undescended testes and a normal female appearance, including breasts, female external genitalia, and other secondary sex characteristics, but the absence of a uterus or ovaries.2 Development of the male external genitalia in the fetal period depends on the biosynthesis of testosterone （T）, the conversion ofT into dihydrotestosterone （DHT） by steroid 5α-reductase type 2 （SRD5A2）, and the response of functionally active androgen receptors in genital tissues） The disruption of any of these stages will block the differentiation of internal and external genitalia and cause 46,XY DSD.
