The thermomechanical modelling method is becoming an important tool nowadays for the refractory researchers, suppliers and end-users. On one hand, applications focus on the post-mortem thermomechanical analysis to int...The thermomechanical modelling method is becoming an important tool nowadays for the refractory researchers, suppliers and end-users. On one hand, applications focus on the post-mortem thermomechanical analysis to interpret the occurred fitiluw phenomena of refractories in service. On the other hand, a priori investigation is very helpful for the design of refractory lining con- cepts before putting them into effect; as a result it will minimize the probability of refractory lining premature .failure and save costs for the refractory suppliers as well as for the end-users. For both investigation routines, suitable material constitutive models and testing approa- ches are of relevance. Existing material constitutive mod- els often used for refractories are the fictitious crack model acting for tensile failure, the Mohr - Coulomb or Drucker- Prager model describing shear failure, and the Norton - Bailey model representing creep. To charac- terize tbe tensile and shear fitilure of refractories at room temperatare and elevated temperatures, a wedge splitting test and a modified shear test can be applied, respectively. The creep behavior and corresponding creep parameters of refractories can be determined with an appropriate creep testing device at elevated loads. The proper appli- cation of material constitutive models and testing approa-ches allows for improving the thermo-mechanical modelling and the optimizatian of the lining design.展开更多
Organic-inorganic metal-halide perovskite solar cells(PerSCs)have achieved significant progresses due to their outstanding optoelectronic charac-teristics,and the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction Per...Organic-inorganic metal-halide perovskite solar cells(PerSCs)have achieved significant progresses due to their outstanding optoelectronic charac-teristics,and the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction PerSCs has been boosted from 3.8%to a certified 25.2%.However,the efficien-cy of single-junction cells is governed by the Shockley-Queisser(S-Q)radiative limit,and fabricating all-perovskite tandem solar cells is a particularly attractive method to break the S-Q limit.Since the bandgap of lead(Pb)-based mixed halide perovskite can be tuned from 1.55 eV to 2.3 eV,and the mixed tin(Sn)-Pb perovskites have bandgap of~1.2 eV,these perovskites become the best candidates for the front and rear subcells of all-perovskite tandem device,respectively.In this review,we firstly summarize the current development progresses of two-terminal(2-T)all-perovskite tandem so-lar cells.For further optimizing the device performance,the wide bandgap mixed halide perovskites for front subcell,mixed Sn-Pb narrow bandgap perovskites for rear subcell,and the interconnection layer(ICL)of 2-T tandem device are then discussed.This review aims to open a pathway to real-ize highly efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells.展开更多
基金Financial support by the Austrian Federal Government ( in particular from Bundesministerium für Verkehr,Innovation und Technologie and Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft ) represented by sterreichische Forschungsf 9rderungs - gesellschaft mb H
文摘The thermomechanical modelling method is becoming an important tool nowadays for the refractory researchers, suppliers and end-users. On one hand, applications focus on the post-mortem thermomechanical analysis to interpret the occurred fitiluw phenomena of refractories in service. On the other hand, a priori investigation is very helpful for the design of refractory lining con- cepts before putting them into effect; as a result it will minimize the probability of refractory lining premature .failure and save costs for the refractory suppliers as well as for the end-users. For both investigation routines, suitable material constitutive models and testing approa- ches are of relevance. Existing material constitutive mod- els often used for refractories are the fictitious crack model acting for tensile failure, the Mohr - Coulomb or Drucker- Prager model describing shear failure, and the Norton - Bailey model representing creep. To charac- terize tbe tensile and shear fitilure of refractories at room temperatare and elevated temperatures, a wedge splitting test and a modified shear test can be applied, respectively. The creep behavior and corresponding creep parameters of refractories can be determined with an appropriate creep testing device at elevated loads. The proper appli- cation of material constitutive models and testing approa-ches allows for improving the thermo-mechanical modelling and the optimizatian of the lining design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51873007,21835006,51961165102,51772218)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Utilization&Energy Saving Technology of Zhejiang Province(ZJS-OP-2020-04)the State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources(Grant No.LAPS20003).
文摘Organic-inorganic metal-halide perovskite solar cells(PerSCs)have achieved significant progresses due to their outstanding optoelectronic charac-teristics,and the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction PerSCs has been boosted from 3.8%to a certified 25.2%.However,the efficien-cy of single-junction cells is governed by the Shockley-Queisser(S-Q)radiative limit,and fabricating all-perovskite tandem solar cells is a particularly attractive method to break the S-Q limit.Since the bandgap of lead(Pb)-based mixed halide perovskite can be tuned from 1.55 eV to 2.3 eV,and the mixed tin(Sn)-Pb perovskites have bandgap of~1.2 eV,these perovskites become the best candidates for the front and rear subcells of all-perovskite tandem device,respectively.In this review,we firstly summarize the current development progresses of two-terminal(2-T)all-perovskite tandem so-lar cells.For further optimizing the device performance,the wide bandgap mixed halide perovskites for front subcell,mixed Sn-Pb narrow bandgap perovskites for rear subcell,and the interconnection layer(ICL)of 2-T tandem device are then discussed.This review aims to open a pathway to real-ize highly efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells.