The Relationship between Plant Community Structure and Their Ability to Absorb and Subtract PM_(2.5)

The research aimed to study absorption and reduction of PM_(2.5)by different plant community structure,and explore which plant community can have better or best comprehensive absorption efficiency,thereby improving and optimizing urban vegetation structure,further promoting improvement of urban air quality,improving people's quality of life,and ensuring a good living environment.In this paper,the method of quadrat survey commonly used in field survey was adopted to record the height,coverage,DBH and other indicators of statistical plants,and corresponding comprehensive value was calculated through these indexes.PM_(2.5)was measured at forest edge,4 and 8 m in the forest,with three repetitions.Subtraction amount of PM_(2.5)determined at different layers was analyzed,as well as its relationship with comprehensive value of community structure.The results showed that PM_(2.5)amount decreased significantly at forest edge,4 and 8 m in the forest,and better community structure had a positive effect on PM_(2.5)absorption.The higher the comprehensive indexes of community structure such as plant height,DBH(arbor),density and coverage,the better the ability of absorbing and reducing PM_(2.5).Therefore,it must pay attention to the diversity of plant species per unit area,to build a good plant community structure,which could better improve structure of local ecosystem,and play a good role in absorbing and reducing PM_(2.5)pollutants in the atmosphere.

Resistance Analysis on Major Resistant Genes of Rice Bacterial Blight in Different Donors and Genetic Background

The different donors of eight rice bacterial blight( BB) major resistant( MR) genes,Xa3,Xa4,xa5,Xa7,Xa10,Xa11,Xa14 and Xa23,were inoculated with two Chinese Xoo strains,strain IV and strain V,respectively. The strain IV was a predominant pathotype in south China,while the strain V was a severe virulentstrain. Two susceptible sterile lines and two susceptible inbred rice were employed to study the effect of geneticbackground on expression of resistance to BB for Xa4,xa5,Xa7 and Xa23. The application value of twodominant resistant genes Xa7 and Xa23 on hybrid rice was also evaluated. The results indicated that the resistance inheritance behaviors of most of the MR genes to the Xoo strains were similar and only a few genes show contradictory reaction in different donors,which suggests that the genetic background would produce an effect on the resistant expression of some R genes. Four resistant donors,IRBB4,IRBB5,IRBB7 and CBB23,were crossed with four susceptible cultivars,WufengA,JitianA,Jingang30 and IR24,respectively,using the resistant donors as male parent. The analysis of F1 populations revealed that the recessive resistance gene xa5 and dominant resistance gene Xa23 conformed to recessive and dominant expression model,respectively,while the other two dominant resistance genes,Xa4 and Xa7,conformed to dominant expression model only in some of F1 populations but not for others. In conclusion,expression of resistance for xa5 and Xa23 was independent of genetic background,while Xa4 and Xa7 show specific behaviors of resistance related to the receptor background. This study also suggests that Xa7 is not suitable for application in hybrid rice,for the F1 generation of its cross with two male sterile lines were highly susceptible,and Xa23( CBB23) had important value in improving BB resistance of hybridrice,as the F1 generations from its cross with 4 susceptible parents,including sterile lines and inbred rice,were all show highly resistant.

Utilization Situation and Prospect of Gene xa5 Against Pathotype Ⅴ of Rice Bacterial Blight

In recent years,the strong virulence pathotype Ⅴ of rice bacterial blight grew up quickly in Southern China,which has become a major population and spread to the rice regions of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in Southern China.Since pathotype Ⅴ caused serious bacterial blight disease in rice production regions,it is urgent to breed and promote resistant varieties against pathotype Ⅴ.The most economic and effective measure to control rice bacterial blight is to breed resistant cultivars for widely planting using resistance genes.The Institute of Plant Protection,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and Agricultural Science Research Institute of Panyu District of Guangzhou used IRBB5 carrying the recessive xa5 gene from IRRI that is resistant to pathotype Ⅴ to breed resistant varieties with rice blast resistance source,through hybridization,multiple cross,pedigree selection and synchronous resistance evaluation.We successfully bred series of new resistant rice varieties such as Baijiangzhan,Baijingzhan and Baisizhan,which showed resistance to strong virulence pathotype Ⅴ(grade 1-3)of bacterial blight and rice blast(mediate to high resistance),good grain quality(level 3 of rice quality of Guangdong),and yield equivalent to major cultivars(compared with region trial control cultivars of Guangdong).These new resistant varieties were promoted and planted in the strong virulence pathotype Ⅴ region along the west coast of Guangdong,which showed favorable superiority and wide application prospect in controlling rice bacterial blight with resistance varieties.

Demos of Passing Turing Test Successfully

Recently,a new kind of machine intelligence was born,called as UI(Ubit intelligence).The basic difference between UI and AI is encoding;UI is based on word encoding;but AI is based on character encoding.UI machine can learn from human,remember the characters,pronunciation,and meaning of a word like human.UI machine can think among the character,pronunciation,and meaning of words like human.Turing Test is similar to a teacher testing a student;Before Test,tester must teach the content of the test questions to UI machine first;after UI machine learning,tester asks testee questions;to check testee has remembered what he taught;to check testee can think among character,pronunciation,and meaning of words.This paper demonstrates that testee can remember what testee taught;and answer all 6 questions correctly by thinking.UI machine passes Turing Test easily and successfully with score 100.Following on,the works related to this study is briefly introduced.At last,this paper concludes that UI machine is based on word encoding,can form word,form concept,can possess brain like intelligence,also can possess human like Intelligence;therefore UI machine passes Turing Test easily and successfully.On the contrary,AI machine is based on character encoding;can’t form word;can’t form concept,AI machine can’t possess brain like intelligence,nor possess human like Intelligence.Therefore,AI machine can’t pass Turing Test.