A Comprehensive Review of Wearable Applications and Material Construction

Wearable electronic systems are able to monitor and measure multiple biophysical, biochemical signals to help researchers develop further understandings of human health and correlation between human performance and diseases. Driven by increasing demand for need in sports training, health monitoring and disease diagnose, bio-integrated systems are developing at a significant speed based on recent advances in material science, structure design and chemical techniques. A wide range of wearable systems are created and feature unique measuring targets, methods and soft, transparent, stretchable characters. This review summarizes the recent advances in wearable electronic technologies that also include material science, chemical science and electronic engineering. The introduction to basic wearable fundamentals covers subsequent consideration for materials, system integration and promising platforms. Detailed classification towards their functions of physical, chemical detection is also mentioned. Strategies to achieve stretchability and promising material, AgNW, are fully discussed. This paper concludes with consideration of main challenging obstacles in this emerging filed and promises in materials that possess excellent potentials for predicted progress.

An ACC Oxidase Gene Essential for Cucumber Carpel Development

Sex determination in plants gives rise to unisexual flowers that facilitate outcrossing and enhance genetic diversity. In cucumber and melon, ethylene promotes carpel development and arrests sta- men development. Five sex-determination genes have been identified, including four encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate （ACC） synthase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis, and a transcription factor gene CmWIP1 that corresponds to the Mendelian locus gynoecious in melon and is a negative regulator of femaleness. ACC oxidase （ACO） converts ACC into ethylene; how- ever, it remains elusive which ACO gene in the cucumber genome is critical for sex determination and how CmWIP1 represses development of female flowers. In this study, we discovered that mutation in an ACO gene, CsAC02, confers androecy in cucumber that bears only male flowers. The mutation disrupts the enzymatic activity of CsAC02, resulting in 50% less ethylene emission from shoot tips. CsAC02 was ex- pressed in the carpel primordia and its expression overlapped with that of CsACS11 in female flowers at key stages for sex determination, presumably providing sufficient ethylene required for proper CsACS2 expression. CmAC03, the ortholog of CsACO2, showed a similar expression pattern in the carpel region, suggesting a conserved function of CsACO2/CmACO3. We demonstrated that CsWlP1, the ortholog of CmWlP1, could directly bind the promoter of CsAC02 and repress its expression. Taken together, we propose a presumably conserved regulatory module consisting of WlP1 transcription factor and ACO controls unisexual flower development in cucumber and melon.

Rare SNP Identified a TCP Transcription Factor Essential for Tendril Development in Cucumber

Rare genetic variants are abundant in genomes but less tractable in genome-wide association study. Here we exploit a strategy of rare variation mapping to discover a gene essential for tendril development in cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.）. In a collection of 〉3000 lines, we discovered a unique tendril-less line that forms branches instead of tendrils and, therefore, loses its climbing ability. We hypothesized that this unusual phenotype was caused by a rare variation and subsequently identified the causative single nucleotide poly- morphism. The affected gene TEN encodes a TCP transcription factor conserved within the cucurbits and is expressed specifically in tendrils, representing a new organ identity gene. The variation occurs within a pro- tein motif unique to the cucurbits and impairs its function as a transcriptional activator. Analyses of transcrip- tomes from near-isogenic lines identified downstream genes required for the tendril＇s capability to sense and climb a support. This study provides an example to explore rare functional variants in plant genomes.

An ACCUMULATION AND REPLICATION OF CHLOROPLASTS 5 gene mutation confers light green peel in cucumber

The peel color of fruit is an important commercial trait in cucumber, but the underlying molecular basis is largely unknown. A mutant showing light green exocarp was discovered from ethyl methane sulfonate （EMS） mutagenized cucumber line 406 with dark green exocarp. Genetic analysis showed the mutant phenotype is conferred by a single recessive gene, here designated as lgp （light green peel）. By re-sequencing of bulked segregants, we identified the candidate gene Csa7Go51430 encoding ACCUMULATION AND REPLICATION OF CHLOROPLASTS 5 （ARCS） that plays a vital role in chloroplast division in Arabidopsis. A single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） causing amino acid alteration in the conserved GTPase domain of Csa7Go5143o showed co-segregation with the altered phenotype. Furthermore, the transient RNA interference of this gene resulted in reduced number and enlarged size of chloroplasts, which were also observed in the Igp mutant. This evidence supports that the non-synonymous SNP in Csa7G051430 is the causative mutation for the light green peel. This study provides a new allele for cucumber breeding for light green fruits and additional resource for the study of chloroplast development.

A Truncated F-Box Protein Confers the Dwarfism in Cucumber

Dwarfism is an important plant architecture trait in crop breeding（Peng et al.,1999;Sasaki el al.,2002）.In cucurbits.the compact plant type was proposed to develop new varieties for the once-over mechanical harvest for concentrated fruit set and higher densities（Li et al.,2011;Mondal et al.,2011）.

Mutation in a novel gene SMALL AND CORDATELEAF 1 affects leaf morphology in cucumber

Plant species exhibit substantial variation in leaf morphology.VWe isolated a recessive mutant gene termed small and cordate leaf 1（sclh）that causes alteration in both leaf size and shape of cucumber.Compared to wild type leaves,the sclh mutant had fewer numbers of epidermal pavement cells.A single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with this leaf phenotype,which occurred in a putative nucleoside bisphosphate phosphatase.RNA-seq analysis of the wild type and sclh mutant leaves suggested that SCL;regulation may not involve known hormonal pathways.Our work identified a candidate gene for SCL;that may play a role in leaf development.

An exon skipping in a SEPALLATA-Like gene is associated with perturbed floral and fruits development in cucumber

Summary We isolated a mutant showing perturbations in the development of male and female floral organs and fruits. Analysis of the single nucleotide polyTnorphisms from bulked F2 pools identified the causative variant occurring in Csa4G126690. Csa4G126690 shows high homol- ogy to Arobidopsis 5EPALLATA2 （SEP2） thus being desig- nated CsSEP2. The causative variant was located on the splicing site of CsSEP2, resulting in the skipping of exon 6 and abolishment of the transcriptional activity. Our data suggest that CsSEP2 is involved in the floral organ and fruits development by conferring transcriptional activity.