Differential distribution of fibrovascular proliferative membranes in 25-gauge vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM:To analyze the distribution of fibrovascular proliferative membranes(FVPMs)in proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)patients that treated with pars plana vitrectomy(PPV),and to evaluate the outcomes separately.METHODS:This was a retrospective and cross-sectional study.Consecutive 25-gauge(25-G)PPV cases operated for PDR from May 2018 to April 2020.According to the FVPMs images outlined after operations,subjects were assigned into three groups:arcade type group,juxtapapillary type group,and central type group.All patients were followed up for over one year.General characteristics,operation-related variables,postoperative parameters and complications were recorded.RESULTS:Among 103 eyes recruited,the FVPMs distribution of nasotemporal and inferiosuperioral was significantly different(both P<0.01),with 95(92.23%)FVPMs located in the nasal quadrants,and 74(71.84%)in the inferior.The eyes with a central FVPM required the longest operation time,with silicon oil used in most patients,generally combined with tractional retinal detachment(RD)and rhegmatogenous RD,the worst postoperative bestcorrected visual acuity(BCVA)and the highest rates of recurrent RD(all P<0.05).FVPM type,age of onset diabetes mellitus,preoperative BCVA,and combined with tractional RD and rhegmatogenous RD were significantly associated with BCVA improvement(all P<0.05).Compared with the central type group,the arcade type group had higher rates of BCVA improvement.CONCLUSION:FVPMs are more commonly found in the nasal and inferior mid-peripheral retina in addition to the area of arcade vessels.Performing 25-G PPV for treating PDR eyes with central FVPM have relatively worse prognosis.

Discrimination of toxic ingredient between raw and processed Pinellia ternata by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS with principal component analysis and T-test

Objective: To investigate the toxicity difference between raw and processed Pinelliae Rhizoma(Banxia in Chinese, BX), the rhizoma of Pinellia ternata, from the view of chemical composition.Methods: Sixteen samples of raw and processed BX were prepared and analyzed by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS.The discrimination(chemical marker) between the two group was investigated by principal component analysis(PCA) and T-test analysis. According to the accurate charge-to-mass ratio, MS/MS fragments, and comparison of corresponding data with the reference or database, the chemical markers were identified preliminarily.Results: Liquiritin, liquiritigenin, and lysophosphatidylcholine(LPC) were identified as the characteristic markers. The reducing of LPC in processed BX was one of the main reasons for detoxification because LPC could induce the inflammatory response;Liquiritin and liquiritigenin showed the anti-inflammatory effect and reduced liver injury, therefore the appearance of them in processed BX was an another reason for detoxification.Conclusion: An approach to explain the mechanisms of reducing the toxicity in medicinal plants by processing was proposed. Moreover, the chemical markers of toxicity could be used to differentiate the raw material from processed herbs for the quality control and safety application in clinical practice.

Hederacolchiside A1 suppresses proliferation of tumor cells by inducing apoptosis through modulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Objective：Hederacolchiside A1,exhibits cytostatic and cytotoxic activity against various cancer cells in vitro,however,the mechanism is not well understood.Methods：In this study,hederacolchiside A1 from Pulsatilla chinensis was isolated and tested its anticancer activity and mechanism.Hederacolchiside A1 could inhibit proliferation of A549,SMMC-7721,BEL-7402,and MCF-7 cells by MTT assay.Investigations of apoptosis of treated cancer cells were identified in hederacolchiside A1 by flow cytometric analysis of annexin V expression.Results：Based on the results of western blotting and JC-1 staining,hederacolchiside A1 reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and Bcl-2 protein levels,whereas cleaved caspase-3 was higher.Furthermore,hederacolchiside A1 effectively inhibited the phosphorylations of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase（PI3K）,protein kinase B（Akt）,and mammalian target of rapamycin（m TOR）.In vivo study showed that hederacolchiside A1（3.0,4.5,and 6.0 mg/kg,ip）could significantly inhibit the weight of tumor in anmodel.Similar inhibitory activities were observed when the compound（3.25,7.5,and15.0 mg/kg,ig）was tested in nude mice xenograft tumor models using human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells.Conclusion：These data indicated that hederacolchiside A1 suppressed the proliferation of human tumor cells by inducing apoptosis through modulating the PI3K/Akt/m TOR signaling pathway.

New Cytotoxic Saponins from Lysimachia davurica Ledeb.

To investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia davurica Ledeb., two new saponins named davuricoside I （compound 1） and E （compound 2） were isolated. Their chemical structures were elucidated as 3β, 16α, 28, 29-tetrihydroxy-olean-12-en-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→2）-β-D-glucuronopyranoside （compound 1） and 3β, 16α, 29-trihydroxy-13, 28-epoxy-oleanane-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→2）-β-D-glucuronopyranoside （compound 2） on the basis of their one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data, and chemical methods. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against human A2780 cells.

Two New Saponins from Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl.

To investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia capilUpes Hemsl., two new saponins, named capilliposide E （1） and capilliposide F （2）, were isolated. The structures of the new saponins were elucidated as 3β, 22α-dihydroxy-16α-acetat-28→ 13-lactone-oleanane-3-O- [β-D-glucopyranosyl- （1 →2）-α-L-arabinpyranoyl]-22-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1） and 3β, 22α-dihydroxy- 16α-acetat-28→ 13-lactone-oleanane-3-O-{ [β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→2）-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→4）]-α-L-arabinpyranoyl}-22-O-β- D-glucopyranoside （2）. The structures of these compounds were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS techniques, and chemical methods.

Controlled acid hydrolysis and kinetics of flavone C-glycosides from trollflowers

Acid hydrolysis mechanisms of orientin-2＂-O-galactopyranoside（OGA）,orientin and other flavone C-glycosides in the trollflowers[Trollius chinensis Bunge） were studied in this report for the first time.Hydrolysis parameters including temperature,acidity,solvent and reaction time were comprehensively investigated.OGA could be hydrolyzed to orientin,followed by an isomerization to isoorientin via a reversible Wessely-Moser rearrangement reaction under stronger acidic conditions.A first-order kinetic model fitted the hydrolysis process of OGA well.Under the optimal hydrolysis conditions of 80 ℃,1.0 mol/L H^＋ and 7 h reaction time,about 77%OGA was transformed to orientin with no detectable isoorientin.These results could be helpful for better understanding of the acid hydrolysis kinetics of flavone C-glycosides,as well as the preparation of these valuable components under controlled acid hydrolysis conditions.

A New Triterpenoid Saponin from Aidi Injection

Objective To investigate the chemical constituents from Aidi Injection.Methods The chemical constituents were isolated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 gel columns and reverse phase semi-preparative HPLC repeatedly.Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis(NMR and MS).Results Twenty-two compounds were isolated and identified to be 3-O-3′,4′-diacetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- cycloastragenol(1),astragaloside IV(2),astragaloside II(3),astragaloside I(4),isoastragaloside I(5), acetylastragaloside I(6),ginsenosid Re(7),ginsenoside Rf(8),ginsenoside Rg1(9),ginsenoside Rb3(10), notoginsenoside R4(11),ginsenoside Rb1(12),ginsenoside Rc(13),ginsenoside Rb2(14),ginsenoside Rd(15), lucyoside H(16),3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L- arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (17),3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(18),syringin (19),elentheroside E(20),4-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(21),and coniferin(22).Conclusion Compounds 1-6 are originated from Astragalus membranceus,compounds 7-18 are originated from Panax ginseng,and compounds 19-22 are originated from Acanthopanax senticosus by LC-MS analysis.Compound 1 is a new compound.