Ferroelectric perovskite PbTiO_(3)for advanced photocatalysis

The ferroelectric semiconductor material PbTiO_(3)exhibits remarkable spontaneous polarization and photoelectric properties,positioning it as a promising polar photocatalyst.The internal electric field of ferroelectrics can separate photocarriers and enhance the catalytic performance of photocatalysts.Moreover,when combined with other semiconductors,PbTiO_(3)contributes to the construction of a depolarization field,extending the catalytic applications of PbTiO_(3)catalysts.PbTiO_(3)exhibits optical absorption,semiconductor,and piezoelectric properties.Its piezoelectric polarization field enhances charge separation,modulates band structure,surface charge conduction,and heterojunction interface charge conduction,thereby amplifying photocatalytic activity.This paper begins by examining the structure,properties,and preparation methods of PbTiO_(3).Subsequently,it delves into the optimization of PbTiO_(3)'s structure and performance,exploring applications in photocatalysis as a ferroelectric photocatalyst.Emphasis is placed on the detailed discussion of surface modification,heterostructure formation,and ferroelectric polarization of PbTiO_(3)ferroelectrics.These aspects are thoroughly explored for their role in regulating activity and optimizing the performance of photocatalysis and photopiezoelectric catalysis.In conclusion,the paper addresses the current research status of PbTiO_(3)ferroelectric materials and highlights the challenges that lie ahead.The intention is to provide valuable references for the ongoing research in PbTiO_(3)ferroelectric materials.

Infection against infection: parasite antagonism against parasites, viruses and bacteria

Background:Infectious diseases encompass a large spectrum of diseases that threaten human health,and coinfection is of particular importance because pathogen species can interact within the host.Currently,the antagonistic relationship between different pathogens during concurrent coinfections is defined as one in which one pathogen either manages to inhibit the invasion,development and reproduction of the other pathogen or biologically modulates the vector density.In this review,we provide an overview of the phenomenon and mechanisms of antagonism of coinfecting pathogens involving parasites.Main body:This review summarizes the antagonistic interaaion between parasites and parasites,parasites and viruses,and parasites and bacteria.At present,relatively clear mechanisms explaining polyparasitism include apparent competition,exploitation competition,interference competition,biological control of intermediate hosts or vectors and suppressive effect on transmission.In particular,immunomodulation,including the suppression of dendritic cell(DC)responses,activation of basophils and mononuclear macrophages and adjuvant effeas of the complement system,is described in detail.Conclusions:In this review,we summarize antagonistic concurrent infections involving parasites and provide a funaional framework for in-depth studies of the underlying mechanisms of coinfeaion with different microorganisms,which will hasten the development of promising antimicrobial alternatives,such as novel antibaaerial vaccines or biological methods of controlling infeaious diseases,thus relieving the overwhelming burden of ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance.