Trends and prevalence of eating disorders in children and adolescents

BACKGROUND Eating disorders(EDs)have increasingly become a public health problem globally,especially among children and adolescents.AIM To estimate the burden of EDs in children and adolescents(ages 5-19 years)at the global,regional,and national levels.METHODS Retrieved from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 for EDs,including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa,we extracted the disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)and prevalence rates with 95%uncertainty intervals between 1990-2019.The temporal trends of the DALYs and prevalence rates of EDs were assessed according to the estimated annual percentage changes.RESULTS In our study,we found that the burden of EDs continuously increased globally from 1990 to 2019.Although females accounted for more EDs cases,the burden of EDs in males had a greater increment.Meanwhile,the burden of EDs was associated with the high sociodemographic index(SDI)over the past 30 years and the human development indexes in 2019.CONCLUSION EDs,predominantly in high-income countries,are rising globally,especially in Asia,highlighting the need for resource planning and medical policy prioritization across all SDI quintiles.

A new process of extracting vanadium from stone coal

A new process of extracting vanadium from the stone coal vanadium ore in Fangshankou, Dtmhuang area of Gansu Province, China was introduced. Various leaching experiments were carried out, and the results show that the vanadium ore in Fangshankou is difficult to process due to its high consumption of acid and the high leaching rate of impurities. However, the leaching rate can be up to 80% and the content of V2O5 in the residue can be between 0.22%-0.25% in the process of ore fme grinding→oxidation roasting→mixing and ripening→aqueous leaching→P2O4 solvent extraction→sulfuric acid stripping→oxidation and precipitation→decomposition by heat. Also, the quality of flaky V205 produced by this process can meet the requirements of GB3283--87. The total leaching rate of vanadium is 70%. Also, three types of wastes are easy to treat. The vanadium extraction process is better in relation to the aspect of environmental protection than the sodium method.

Ferronickel enrichment by fine particle reduction and magnetic separation from nickel laterite ore

Ferronickel enrichment and extraction from nickel laterite ore were studied through reduction and magnetic separation. Reduction experiments were performed using hydrogen and carbon monoxide as reductants at different temperatures （700-1000℃）. Magnetic separa- tion of the reduced products was conducted using a SLon-100 cycle pulsating magnetic separator （1.2 T）. Composition analysis indicates that the nickel laterite ore contains a total iron content of 22.50wt% and a total nickel content of 1.91wt%. Its mineral composition mainly con- sists of serpentine, hortonolite, and goethite. During the reduction process, the grade of nickel and iron in the products increases with in- creasing reduction temperature. Although a higher temperature is more favorable for reduction, the temperature exceeding 1000℃ results in sintering of the products, preventing magnetic separation. After magnetic separation, the maximum total nickel and iron concentrations are 5.43wt% and 56.86wt%, and the corresponding recovery rates are 84.38% and 53.76%, respectively.

基于硼酸盐亲和辅助电化学调控ATRP的癌胚抗原超灵敏电化学适体传感研究

癌胚抗原(CEA)是一种酸性糖蛋白,其作为一种广谱肿瘤标志物在恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断与监测等方面具有重要价值。在此,借助于硼酸盐亲和辅助电化学调控原子转移自由基聚合(BA-eATRP)的双重信号放大作用,我们报道了一种电化学适体传感器,用于CEA的超灵敏、高选择性检测。基于BA-eATRP的电化学CEA适体传感的基本原理为:待核酸适体捕获CEA抗原后,借助于苯硼酸(PBA)基团与单糖残基上的顺式二醇基团间的选择性亲和相互作用将ATRP引发剂位点靶向性地共价偶联到CEA抗原上;随后,以二茂铁甲基丙烯酸甲酯(FcMMA)作为单体,借助于eATRP将二茂铁(Fc)探针引入电极表面。由于CEA上含有数百个顺式二醇基团,基于硼酸盐亲和的交联反应可使得在每个CEA抗原上标记数百个ATRP引发剂分子。此外,通过eATRP反应,可以在电极表面接枝长的二茂铁基聚合物链,使得每个标记有ATRP引发剂的位点均能连接上成百上千个Fc探针。因此,BA-eATRP可使得每个CEA抗原上标记上大量的Fc探针。在最佳条件下,基于BA-eATRP的电化学适体传感器能够实现浓度低为0.34Pg·mL^(-1)的CEA的高选择性检测,其线性范围为1.0-1000pg·mL^(-1)。而且,该适体传感器可用于人血清中CEA的定量分析。基于BA-eATRP的电化学适体传感器具有成本低廉、操作简便等优良特性,在CEA的超灵敏、高选择性检测方面具有广阔的应用前景。

Promoted Comprehensive Properties of Polyisoprene Rubber with Extremely High Fatigue Resistance Enabled by Oligopeptide Aggregates

For decades,the preparation of polyisoprene rubber that can match the comprehensive properties of natural rubber(NR)has been pursued.While sacrificial bonds have been used to promote the strength and toughness of rubbers,little is known about their effects on fatigue resistance,which is important in dynamic environments.Herein,terminal block and randomly functionalized polyisoprene rubbers tethered with di-alanine,tri-alanine and tetra-alanine were prepared.The results showed that the flow activation energy,aggregates ordering and energy dissipation of the hydrogen-bonded aggregates increase with the elongation of oligopeptide length(XA,X=2,3,4),therefore resulting in enhanced mechanical strength and toughness of corresponding samples.Comparably,the tear strengths are barely affected by oligopeptide lengths in block samples,but promoted from dipeptide to tetrapeptide in random samples,probably due to the well dispersed oligopeptide aggregates.Most importantly,it is found that the tight binding aggregates of oligopeptides are critical for the excellent fatigue resistance,which is absent in polyisoprene and natural rubber.The loose aggregates dissociate and recombine repeatedly under cyclic loading and the tight aggregates keep the network integrated and robust.Interestingly,the largest hysteresis of PIP-4A-V with the longest oligopeptide length give the lowest heat generation,which is contrary to the traditional sacrificial bonds.Overall,the oligopeptide aggregates have repeatable energy dissipation properties and cycle life comparable to or even surpassing those of the linked proteins in NR,resulting in similar tensile strength,fracture toughness,and better fatigue resistance relative to NR.This deep insight on the role of oligopeptide aggregates is very useful for the engineering rubbers served in dynamic environments.

The Relationship between Pendant Phosphate Groups and Mechanical Properties of Polyisoprene Rubber

It is still a great challenge to mimic the structure and function of natural rubber by introducing polar components into synthetic polyisoprene.In order to explore the function of phosphate groups on the mechanical properties of polyisoprene rubber,a terminally functionalized compound(PIP-P)containing phosphate groups was synthesized and further vulcanized to prepare the model compound V-PIP-P.Through analyzing the test results,it was found that these phosphate groups formed polar aggregates in non-polar polyisoprene rubber matrix,serving as an additional dynamic cross-linking sites,which increases the cross-linking density and improves mechanical properties.The influence of the phosphate groups on the strain-induced crystallization(SIC)was further investigated via synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction(WAXD)experiment.These phosphate group aggregates not only reduced the onset strain of SIC,but also slowed down the molecular chain mobility,which hinder the crystal lateral growth.The above results help us to gain a deeper understanding for the function of phosphate groups in the formation of"naturally occurring network"and guide the molecular design of next generation polyisoprene rubber.