The Doppler reflectometer(DR),a powerful diagnostic for the plasma perpendicular velocity(u⊥)and turbulence measurement,has been widely used in various fusion devices.Many efforts have been put into extracting the Do...The Doppler reflectometer(DR),a powerful diagnostic for the plasma perpendicular velocity(u⊥)and turbulence measurement,has been widely used in various fusion devices.Many efforts have been put into extracting the Doppler shift from the DR signal.There are several commonly used methods for Doppler shift extraction,such as the phase derivative,the center of gravity,and symmetric fitting(SFIT).However,the strong zero-order reflection component around 0 kHz may interfere with the calculation of the Doppler shift.To avoid the influence of the zerofrequency peak,the asymmetric fitting(AFIT)method was designed to calculate the Doppler shift.Nevertheless,the AFIT method may lead to an unacceptable error when the Doppler shift is relatively small compared to the half width at half maximum(HWHM).Therefore,an improved method,which can remove the zero-frequency peak and fit the remaining Doppler peak with a Gaussian function,is devised to extract the Doppler shift.This method can still work reliably whether the HWHM is larger than the Doppler shift or not.展开更多
Climatic variations are becoming important limiting factors for agriculture productivity,as they not only directly affect the plant net primary productivity but can also modulate the outbreak of plant diseases and pes...Climatic variations are becoming important limiting factors for agriculture productivity,as they not only directly affect the plant net primary productivity but can also modulate the outbreak of plant diseases and pests.Elevated CO_2 and O_3 are two important climatic factors that have been widely studied before.Elevated CO_2 or O_3 alters the host plant physiology and affects the vector insects and plant viruses via bottom-up effects of the host plants.Many studies have shown that elevated CO_2 or O_3 decreases the plant nitrogen content,which modulates the characteristics of vector insects.Recent evidence also reveals that hormone-dependent signaling pathways play a critical role in regulating the response of insects and plant viruses to elevated CO_2 or O_3.In the current review,we describe how elevated CO_2 or O_3 affects the vector insects and plant viruses by altering the SA and JA signaling pathways.We also discuss how changes in the feeding behavior of vector insects or the occurrence of plant viruses affects the interactions between vector insects and plant viruses under elevated CO_2 or O_3.We suggest that new insights into the upstream network that regulates hormone signaling and top-down effects of natural enemies would provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions taking place under elevated CO_2 or O_3.展开更多
By introducing various low concentrations of Iridium complexes to the famous donor polymer of PTB7-Th backbone,new heavy metal containing terpolymers have been demonstrated.When blended with PC71BM,an obvious increase...By introducing various low concentrations of Iridium complexes to the famous donor polymer of PTB7-Th backbone,new heavy metal containing terpolymers have been demonstrated.When blended with PC71BM,an obvious increase of power conversion efficiency(PCE)is obtained in 1 mol%Ir containing polymer for different photovoltaic devices either using Ca or PDIN as cathode interface layers.The impact of molecular weight on the photovoltaic performance has been particularly considered by using three batches of control polymer PTB7-Th to ensure a fair and more convincing comparison.At similar molecular weight conditions(Mn:~60 kg mol−1,M_(w):100-110 kg mol^(−1)),the 1 mol%Ir containing PTB7-ThIr1/PC71BM blends exhibits enhanced PCE to 9.19%compared with 7.92%of the control PTB7-Th.Through a combination of physical measurement,such as optoelectrical characterization,GIWAXS and pico-second time-resolved photoluminescence,the enhancement are contributed from comprehensive factors of higher hole mobility,less bimolecular recombination and more efficient slow process of charge separation.展开更多
Fully conjugated donor-acceptor （D-A） block copolymers, P3HT-b-PNDIT, containing p-type poly（3-hexylthio- phene） （P3HT） and n-type poly（naphthalene bismide） （PNDIT） segments are synthesized in a one-pot reac...Fully conjugated donor-acceptor （D-A） block copolymers, P3HT-b-PNDIT, containing p-type poly（3-hexylthio- phene） （P3HT） and n-type poly（naphthalene bismide） （PNDIT） segments are synthesized in a one-pot reaction via Stille coupling polycondensation. Various D-A block copolymers with low polydispersities （1.42--1.56） are ob- tained through further separation via preparative GPC. The structural and molecular features of block copolymers are verified by 1H NMR, FTIR spectra, UV-Vis absorption, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and cyclic voltammetry （CV）. It is found that optical and electrochemical properties of D-A block copolymers are strongly de- pendent on the combination ratio of the donor P3HT and acceptor PNDIT segment. By reducing the acceptor block lengths, the highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） energy levels of D-A block copolymers sequentially rise, leading to the sequential decrease of energy gaps. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on engineer- ing the energy levels of fully conjugated D-A block copolymers by tuning donor and acceptor chain lengths. More- over, compared to D/A polymer blends, the all-conjugated D-A block copolymer films show significant fine struc- tures and much smoother film morphologies.展开更多
Sir/Madam,Inquest of Imperial Envoy,[1]a picture by Zhang Zhiying,was included in the Dian Shi Zhai Pictorial[2]published in 1884.Jia Jingtao,the renowned expert on Chinese forensic history,confirmed that this picture...Sir/Madam,Inquest of Imperial Envoy,[1]a picture by Zhang Zhiying,was included in the Dian Shi Zhai Pictorial[2]published in 1884.Jia Jingtao,the renowned expert on Chinese forensic history,confirmed that this picture was the first one to depict the process of an inquest in ancient China.[3]The text on this picture provides an introduction to this procedure,which is as follows:Two imperial envoys were sent to Hubei province to investigate a case in which the suspect’s surname was Yu.When the envoys Sun and Wu arrived in Hubei,they decided to conduct an inquest of the bones at Yamen on May 7 as per the lunar calendar.Four officers and a postmortem examiner sent by the Ministry of Justice arrived at the place,along with the imperial envoys,in order to restart the process of investigation.A total of 14 tables were placed in the court.The imperial envoys and governors sat to the north facing the south,whereas the other officers were seated on either side of the court.A moment later,the bones were brought to the court and placed correctly,following which they were transferred to a boiler to be burned as per the relevant procedural provisions.Another table was placed near the boiler for Nie Xian to supervise this process.When the process ended the postmortem examiner from the Ministry of Justice reported that there were two abnormalities on the bones,namely,a scar behind the head and the loss of a tooth.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National MCF Energy R&D Program(Nos.2018YFE0311200 and 2017YFE0301204)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1967206,11975231 and 11922513)supported by the Users with Excellence Program of Hefei Science Center CAS(No.2020HSC-UE009).
文摘The Doppler reflectometer(DR),a powerful diagnostic for the plasma perpendicular velocity(u⊥)and turbulence measurement,has been widely used in various fusion devices.Many efforts have been put into extracting the Doppler shift from the DR signal.There are several commonly used methods for Doppler shift extraction,such as the phase derivative,the center of gravity,and symmetric fitting(SFIT).However,the strong zero-order reflection component around 0 kHz may interfere with the calculation of the Doppler shift.To avoid the influence of the zerofrequency peak,the asymmetric fitting(AFIT)method was designed to calculate the Doppler shift.Nevertheless,the AFIT method may lead to an unacceptable error when the Doppler shift is relatively small compared to the half width at half maximum(HWHM).Therefore,an improved method,which can remove the zero-frequency peak and fit the remaining Doppler peak with a Gaussian function,is devised to extract the Doppler shift.This method can still work reliably whether the HWHM is larger than the Doppler shift or not.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant number 2016YFC1401800]the National Programme on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction of China [grant number GASI-IPOVAI-04]the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 41876014 and 41606039]。
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB11050400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370438)the R&D Special Fund for the Public Welfare Industry(201303019)
文摘Climatic variations are becoming important limiting factors for agriculture productivity,as they not only directly affect the plant net primary productivity but can also modulate the outbreak of plant diseases and pests.Elevated CO_2 and O_3 are two important climatic factors that have been widely studied before.Elevated CO_2 or O_3 alters the host plant physiology and affects the vector insects and plant viruses via bottom-up effects of the host plants.Many studies have shown that elevated CO_2 or O_3 decreases the plant nitrogen content,which modulates the characteristics of vector insects.Recent evidence also reveals that hormone-dependent signaling pathways play a critical role in regulating the response of insects and plant viruses to elevated CO_2 or O_3.In the current review,we describe how elevated CO_2 or O_3 affects the vector insects and plant viruses by altering the SA and JA signaling pathways.We also discuss how changes in the feeding behavior of vector insects or the occurrence of plant viruses affects the interactions between vector insects and plant viruses under elevated CO_2 or O_3.We suggest that new insights into the upstream network that regulates hormone signaling and top-down effects of natural enemies would provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions taking place under elevated CO_2 or O_3.
基金Research Program between China and European Union(2016YFE0112000)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20160042)for financial support.
文摘By introducing various low concentrations of Iridium complexes to the famous donor polymer of PTB7-Th backbone,new heavy metal containing terpolymers have been demonstrated.When blended with PC71BM,an obvious increase of power conversion efficiency(PCE)is obtained in 1 mol%Ir containing polymer for different photovoltaic devices either using Ca or PDIN as cathode interface layers.The impact of molecular weight on the photovoltaic performance has been particularly considered by using three batches of control polymer PTB7-Th to ensure a fair and more convincing comparison.At similar molecular weight conditions(Mn:~60 kg mol−1,M_(w):100-110 kg mol^(−1)),the 1 mol%Ir containing PTB7-ThIr1/PC71BM blends exhibits enhanced PCE to 9.19%compared with 7.92%of the control PTB7-Th.Through a combination of physical measurement,such as optoelectrical characterization,GIWAXS and pico-second time-resolved photoluminescence,the enhancement are contributed from comprehensive factors of higher hole mobility,less bimolecular recombination and more efficient slow process of charge separation.
文摘Fully conjugated donor-acceptor （D-A） block copolymers, P3HT-b-PNDIT, containing p-type poly（3-hexylthio- phene） （P3HT） and n-type poly（naphthalene bismide） （PNDIT） segments are synthesized in a one-pot reaction via Stille coupling polycondensation. Various D-A block copolymers with low polydispersities （1.42--1.56） are ob- tained through further separation via preparative GPC. The structural and molecular features of block copolymers are verified by 1H NMR, FTIR spectra, UV-Vis absorption, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and cyclic voltammetry （CV）. It is found that optical and electrochemical properties of D-A block copolymers are strongly de- pendent on the combination ratio of the donor P3HT and acceptor PNDIT segment. By reducing the acceptor block lengths, the highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） energy levels of D-A block copolymers sequentially rise, leading to the sequential decrease of energy gaps. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on engineer- ing the energy levels of fully conjugated D-A block copolymers by tuning donor and acceptor chain lengths. More- over, compared to D/A polymer blends, the all-conjugated D-A block copolymer films show significant fine struc- tures and much smoother film morphologies.
文摘Sir/Madam,Inquest of Imperial Envoy,[1]a picture by Zhang Zhiying,was included in the Dian Shi Zhai Pictorial[2]published in 1884.Jia Jingtao,the renowned expert on Chinese forensic history,confirmed that this picture was the first one to depict the process of an inquest in ancient China.[3]The text on this picture provides an introduction to this procedure,which is as follows:Two imperial envoys were sent to Hubei province to investigate a case in which the suspect’s surname was Yu.When the envoys Sun and Wu arrived in Hubei,they decided to conduct an inquest of the bones at Yamen on May 7 as per the lunar calendar.Four officers and a postmortem examiner sent by the Ministry of Justice arrived at the place,along with the imperial envoys,in order to restart the process of investigation.A total of 14 tables were placed in the court.The imperial envoys and governors sat to the north facing the south,whereas the other officers were seated on either side of the court.A moment later,the bones were brought to the court and placed correctly,following which they were transferred to a boiler to be burned as per the relevant procedural provisions.Another table was placed near the boiler for Nie Xian to supervise this process.When the process ended the postmortem examiner from the Ministry of Justice reported that there were two abnormalities on the bones,namely,a scar behind the head and the loss of a tooth.
