Extreme weather has been having an increase in frequency and severity because of global warming. Heavy financial burden on governments has been increasing as reconstruction of natural disaster and prevention of public...Extreme weather has been having an increase in frequency and severity because of global warming. Heavy financial burden on governments has been increasing as reconstruction of natural disaster and prevention of public construction spending. Unlike the climate mitigation activities, the main purpose of climate adaptation is to establish climate risk management system. We discuss several types of financing instruments and collect several cases in both developed and developing countries internationally. We find that budget reallocation or government bonds are regularly used for losses from natural disaster in developing countries while both government bonds and insurance penetration are used to against catastrophe risks in the developed countries. Finally, we also find that insurance-related instruments are feasible and have been applied in some middle-income countries with assistance from the World Bank.展开更多
Buildings consume vast amounts of resources and energy contributing to climate change. Some countries have developed green building certification systems. Compared to other developed areas, Taiwan lags behind in green...Buildings consume vast amounts of resources and energy contributing to climate change. Some countries have developed green building certification systems. Compared to other developed areas, Taiwan lags behind in green building construction and in response created its own certification for sub-tropical countries called Ecology, Energy Saving, Waste Reduction, and Health (EEWH). But what economic factors truly drive green building construction and quality? Our study sample analyzes 1355 Taiwan green building cases from 2000 to June 2018 to determine the influence of various economic, structural, and policy factors. Results suggest that while public ownership led to more green building certifications, private ownership led to a higher environment rating. Proper incentives are needed to further increase the ratings of public buildings and to expand the construction of highly rated private buildings, especially for small and medium sized buildings.展开更多
文摘Extreme weather has been having an increase in frequency and severity because of global warming. Heavy financial burden on governments has been increasing as reconstruction of natural disaster and prevention of public construction spending. Unlike the climate mitigation activities, the main purpose of climate adaptation is to establish climate risk management system. We discuss several types of financing instruments and collect several cases in both developed and developing countries internationally. We find that budget reallocation or government bonds are regularly used for losses from natural disaster in developing countries while both government bonds and insurance penetration are used to against catastrophe risks in the developed countries. Finally, we also find that insurance-related instruments are feasible and have been applied in some middle-income countries with assistance from the World Bank.
文摘Buildings consume vast amounts of resources and energy contributing to climate change. Some countries have developed green building certification systems. Compared to other developed areas, Taiwan lags behind in green building construction and in response created its own certification for sub-tropical countries called Ecology, Energy Saving, Waste Reduction, and Health (EEWH). But what economic factors truly drive green building construction and quality? Our study sample analyzes 1355 Taiwan green building cases from 2000 to June 2018 to determine the influence of various economic, structural, and policy factors. Results suggest that while public ownership led to more green building certifications, private ownership led to a higher environment rating. Proper incentives are needed to further increase the ratings of public buildings and to expand the construction of highly rated private buildings, especially for small and medium sized buildings.
