An Analysis of Pig Production Efficiency and Regional Differences in China Based on Malmquist-DEA Model and Inter-provincial Panel Data

Pig production efficiency and its regional differences in China have strategic importance to the transformation of pig production mode and optimization of pig production layout in China. In this paper,Malmquist-DEA model is adopted to analyze the statistical data; TFP and its decomposition indicators of different pig breeding scale among the top ten pig producing provinces are calculated; both horizontal and longitudinal comparisons are made. Results show that among different pig breeding scales,free-range breeding scale is dominant in Hunan,small breeding scale is dominant in Sichuan,medium breeding scale is dominant in Sichuan and Hunan,and large breeding scale is dominant in Sichuan,Shandong and Jiangsu; among the provinces,pig production efficiency varies with breeding scale,and small-scale pig breeding in Sichuan,Guangdong and Hebei,free-range and medium-scale pig breeding in Hunan,medium-scale pig breeding in Henan and Yunnan,largescale pig breeding in the rest of the provinces,have significant efficiency advantage.

Inappropriate Activation of TLR4/NF-κB is a Cause of Heart Failure

Significance:Heart failure,a disease with extremely high incidence,is closely associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.The Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)pathway plays an important role in the occurrence and development of heart failure.Recent advances:Previous studies have shown that TLR4/NF-κB causes heart failure by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation;damaging the endothelia;promoting fibrosis;and inducing myocardial hypertrophy,apoptosis,pyroptosis,and autophagy.Critical issues:Understanding the pathogenesis of heart failure is essential for the treatment of this disease.In this review,we outline the mechanisms underlying TLR4/NF-κB pathway-mediated heart failure and discuss drugs that alleviate heart failure by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.Future directions:During TLR4/NF-κB overactivation,interventions targeting specific receptor antagonists may effectively alleviate heart failure,thus providing a basis for the development of new anti-heart failure drugs.

Cost-benefit Analysis of Scale Pig Breeding in Shandong Province Based on Modified Entropy Weight-TOPSIS Model

According to the relevant statistical data in National Agricultural cost-benefit Data Compilation(2001- 2013),we use the modified entropy weight- TOPSIS model to research the cost-benefit status of scale pig breeding in Shandong Province from the perspective of comparing it with that of the entire country and 9 other main pig producing areas. The results show that compared with the national average,the cost-benefit ratio of small scale pig breeding in Shandong Province is lower,while the cost-benefit ratio of medium scale and large scale pig breeding is significantly improved; the cost-benefit ratio of small scale pig breeding in Shandong Province is basically the same as that in 9 other main pig producing areas,while the cost-benefit ratio of medium scale and large scale pig breeding is higher; the output value of main products and the purchase price of piglet are two major bottlenecks restricting the cost-benefit improvement of scale pig breeding in Shandong Province.

Analysis of the Factors Influencing Breeding Record Establishment of Sheep-raising Households or Farms Based on Logit-ISM:Based on 849 Questionnaires from 17 Cities in Shandong Province

Breeding record is an important way to implement standardized sheep raising,trace major sheep raising epidemic information and ensure the quality and safety of products for sheep-raising households or farms.Based on 849 questionnaires from 17 cities of Shandong Province,the paper firstly used the binary discrete model of Logit to analyze the factors influencing the establishing behavior of breeding records of sheep-raising households or farms and then used the ISM model to explain the relationship and hierarchy of each influencing factor.The result showed that seven factors including the education level of the deciders,farming scale,fixed number of farming years,degree of specialization,support of the government,whether to join the industrialization organization and the recognition of the breeding records have a significant impact on the establishing behavior of breeding records of the sheep-raising households or farms.Among them,the support of the government and the recognition of breeding records are the surface direct factors,degree of specialization and whether to join the industrialization organization are the middle indirect factors,the education level of the deciders,the farming scale and the fixed number of farming years are deep source factors.

CEOs’Diverse Career Experiences and the Effectiveness of Compensation Contracts:Evidence from Compensation Stickiness

CEO compensation stickiness represents an important indicator to measure the effectiveness of compensation contracts.This study uses CEO career experience data and compensation stickiness data from Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2015 to 2020 to investigate the compensation contracts’effectiveness of CEOs with diverse career experiences.The findings are as follows:1)Compensation stickiness is more pronounced for CEOs with diverse career experiences.According to the mechanism test,these CEOs with diverse career experiences can obtain compensation incentives by reducing corporate uncertainty perception and improving total factor productivity.This approach leads to increased compensation stickiness and the effectiveness of compensation contracts.CEOs with diverse career experiences may receive excess compensation by raising agency costs,which intensifies compensation stickiness and weakens the effectiveness of compensation contracts.2)Compensation stickiness of CEOs with diverse career experiences is more significant in companies with lower investor protection,which brings about less effective compensation contracts.In contrast,in companies with higher diversification,the compensation stickiness of CEOs with diverse career experiences is more significant,which delivers more effective compensation contracts.The conclusions deepen the research of CEO compensation contracts and provide a helpful reference for CEO compensation management practices.

薪酬外部公平性对在职消费及其经济效应的影响

基于行为经济学视角,薪酬外部公平性带来的心理感知会影响高管的在职消费行为,从而对其经济效应产生影响。以2011—2014年沪深A股非金融公司为研究对象,通过实证研究发现三点结论：（1）薪酬负向不公平时,在职消费增长幅度远远高于正向不公平状态。（2）薪酬正向不公平时,在职消费经济效应表现符合代理观,不公平程度对其没有显著影响;薪酬负向不公平时,在职消费经济效应表现符合效率观,不公平程度对其产生显著负向影响,但随着不公平程度的加剧其影响逐渐减弱。（3）国有与非国有公司薪酬外部公平性对在职消费经济效应的影响存在显著差异。

高管薪酬粘性区间效应及其影响机理研究

以2013~2016年沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,实证检验高管薪酬业绩敏感性及薪酬粘性区间效应,并探索其形成机理,发现如下三点结论:①高管薪酬与公司业绩并非简单线性相关,而是呈"中间陡、两端平缓"的关系。②高管薪酬业绩敏感性与高管薪酬粘性存在区间效应:业绩适中时高管薪酬业绩敏感性较强,薪酬粘性不显著;业绩过高或过低时高管薪酬业绩敏感性减弱,薪酬粘性特征凸显。③多维度业绩评价差异性和盈余管理加剧了高管薪酬粘性特征,证明两者是高管薪酬粘性区间效应形成的重要影响机制。