家庭养育环境和养育者共心力对婴儿气质的影响

为了探索家庭养育环境和养育者共心力对婴儿气质的影响,本研究采用结构式观察法,对42个家庭的母亲和祖辈的共心力进行测量,并采用母亲报告的问卷法测量婴儿气质。结果发现,与非共同养育环境下的婴儿相比,共同养育环境下的婴儿活动性水平和舒适性水平更高;共同养育环境下的母亲“合适心理评论”与婴儿气质中的“新异刺激引起的负性情绪”显著负相关,非共同养育环境下未发现类似的关系;共同养育环境下的祖辈“合适心理评论”通过母亲“合适心理评论”的中介作用间接影响婴儿气质中的“新异刺激引起的负性情绪”。祖辈参与下的共同养育虽然不直接影响婴儿气质,但由于能够分担育儿压力,所以有利于母亲与婴儿之间的良好联结。促进祖辈与父母对婴儿的共同养育及他们之间的和谐相处,提高母亲的共心力水平,可以为婴儿气质发展创设更好的家庭养育环境。

Application of next-generation sequencing technology to precision medicine in cancer: joint consensus of the Tumor Biomarker Committee of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology

Next-generation sequencing(NGS) technology is capable of sequencing millions or billions of DNA molecules simultaneously.Therefore, it represents a promising tool for the analysis of molecular targets for the initial diagnosis of disease, monitoring of disease progression, and identifying the mechanism of drug resistance. On behalf of the Tumor Biomarker Committee of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO) and the China Actionable Genome Consortium(CAGC), the present expert group hereby proposes advisory guidelines on clinical applications of NGS technology for the analysis of cancer driver genes for precision cancer therapy. This group comprises an assembly of laboratory cancer geneticists, clinical oncologists, bioinformaticians,pathologists, and other professionals. After multiple rounds of discussions and revisions, the expert group has reached a preliminary consensus on the need of NGS in clinical diagnosis, its regulation, and compliance standards in clinical sample collection. Moreover, it has prepared NGS criteria, the sequencing standard operation procedure(SOP), data analysis, report, and NGS platform certification and validation.

第一代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗中发生进展的非小细胞肺癌血浆表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)T790M突变提示了失败部位并预测了临床预后:一项前瞻性观察研究

背景与目的血浆循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)是检测表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)T790M突变的理想方法。T790M突变是第一代EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)耐药的主要机制。本研究旨在探讨ctDNA来源的T790M突变与非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者疾病失败部位及临床预后的关系。方法第一代TKI治疗发生进展的患者被分为局限胸内进展(chest limited,CF)、局限颅内进展(brain limited,BF)和其他部位进展(other,OF)组。采用扩增阻滞突变系统(amplification refractory mutation system,ARMS)和微滴式数字PCR(droplet digital PCR,ddPCR)对ctDNA中T790M突变进行了检测。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析了预后。结果 2种方法的总体一致性为78.3%。根据ARMS和ddPCR,OF组患者的T790M突变率明显高于BF组和CF组(P <0.001),OF组的T790M突变丰度也明显高于CF组和BF组(P <0.001)。AZD9291是T790M+患者最佳治疗选择,为EGFR-TKI治疗后进展的所有组中T790M+患者提供了最长的生存期;接受其他治疗的T790M-患者亚组的预后各不相同。结论本研究表明ctDNA中T790M突变与NSCLC患者EGFR-TKI治疗失败部位相关,失败部位和T790M突变状态对治疗选择和预后都有很大影响。

Organo-mineral complexes in soil colloids:Implications for carbon storage in saline-alkaline paddy soils from an eight-year field experiment

The combination of organic carbon(OC) and reactive minerals is a crucial mechanism of soil carbon(C) storage, which is regulated by the formation of organo-mineral complexes on the surface of soil colloids. The effect of organic fertilizer on the storage mechanism of OC in soil colloids was studied through an 8-year field experiment, which included four treatments: i) no fertilization(control, CK), ii) only mineral N, P, and K fertilization(NPK), iii) NPK plus a low level(450 kg C ha^(-1)year^(-1)) of organic fertilization(NPKC1), and iv) NPK plus a high level(900 kg C ha^(-1)year^(-1)) of organic fertilization(NPKC2). The main results indicated that organic fertilizer addition significantly increased the content of aromatic-C, which was 158.7% and 140.0% higher in soil colloids than in bulk soil in the NPKC1 and NPKC2 treatments, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy further demonstrated that the relative proportion of C=C group on the surface of soil colloids was increased by 20.1% and 19.1% in the NPKC1 and NPKC2 treatments, respectively,compared with the CK. In addition, compared with the NPK treatment, the content of reactive minerals(such as Fe and Al oxides) significantly increased with organic fertilization, which was positively correlated with C=C group in soil colloids. This indicates that aromatic-C may be retained by the formation of aromatic-mineral complexes with reactive minerals in soil colloids. Organic fertilization also significantly increased OC storage efficiency(OCSE), which was significantly higher in the NPKC1 treatment than in the NPKC2 treatment. Therefore, a moderate amount of organic fertilizer application is a better agronomic practice to increase OCSE and OC storage in saline-alkaline paddy soils.

Effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and corrosion processes in drinking water distribution systems simulated with actual running conditions

The effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and the corrosion of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems(DWDSs) were studied.Two annular reactors(ARs) that simulated actual running conditions with UV/Cl2 disinfection and chlorination alone were used.High chlorine consumption and corrosion rate were found in the AR with UV/Cl2.According to functional genes and pyrosequencing tests, a high percentage of iron recycling bacteria was detected within the biofilm of the AR with Cl2 at early running stage, whereas siderophore-producing bacteria were dominant in the biofilm of the AR with UV/Cl2.At the early running stage, the sequential use of UV light and an initial high chlorine dosage suppressed the biomass and iron-recycling bacteria in both bulk water and biofilms, thereby forming less protective scales against further corrosion, which enhanced chlorine consumption.Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the ARs shaped from within rather than being imported by influents.These results indicate that the initial high disinfection efficiency within the distribution system had not contributed to the accumulation of iron-recycling bacteria at the early running stages.This study offer certain implications for controlling corrosion and water quality in DWDSs.

Effect of salinity on seed germination,ion content and photosynthesis of cotyledons in halophytes or xerophyte growing in Central Asia

Aims We investigated the impact of salinity on seed germination,chlorophyll content,chloroplast structure and photosynthesis of the green embryos in desiccated seeds of the xerophyte Haloxylon persicum,xero-halophyte Haloxylon ammodendron and euhalophyte Suaeda physophora.Methods Seeds of H.persicum,H.ammodendron and S.physophora were collected from natural environment in Fukang,Xinjiang province.Pretreatment with 700 mM NaCl was carried out to stimulate the natural‘seed priming’;we analyzed the joint effect of salinity and different species on germination physiology and cotyledonal structure and photosynthetic function changes during germination and recovery stage.Important Findings We found that seeds did not suffer ion toxicity for the two halophytes H.ammodendron and S.physophora,as evidenced by the high final germination after ungerminated seeds pretreated with 700 mM NaCl were transferred to distilled water,but the final germination of the xerophyte H.persicum was significantly lower than that of control.The Na+concentration in embryos increased under salinity for all species,while K+concentration decreased by salinity only for H.persicum and H.ammodendron,i.e.the concentration of K+in embryos of H.persicum and H.ammodendron decreased by 36%and 46%,respectively.For all species,whether dry intact seeds or cotyledons of dry seeds imbibed in deionized water and NaCl solution,had high chlorophyll content.Treatment with NaCl also caused chloroplast thylakoids to swell and chlorophyll content to decrease in seeds of H.persicum,but no significant change was observed in the more salt-tolerant species S.physophora and H.ammodendron.Fluorescence measurement showed that 700 mM NaCl decreased the Fv/Fm ratio of cotyledons in seeds for all species,especially for H.persicum and H.ammodendron.Photosynthetic oxygen releasing was detected from the seeds that were moistened with distilled water and 700 mM NaCl for 6 or 24 h and from the seeds that were initially moistened with 700 mM NaCl in darkness for 10 days,then transferred to distilled water for another 6 and 24 h.The results indicated that the chlorophyll in cotyledon of desiccated seed had photosynthetic function in early germination stage,even under high-saline condition.In addition,the photosynthesis of chlorophyll in the embryonic cotyledons of desiccated seeds during germination was similar to that in leaves of young seedlings for all species.In conclusion,the chloroplasts of the two halophytes were more salt resistant compared with the xerophyte H.persicum.The photosynthetic function of chlorophyll in cotyledons of mature seeds may be ecologically important for seedling development in early stage for plants growing in extremely saline or arid environments.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation identified in plasma indicates failure sites and predicts clinical prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer progression during first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy: a prospective observational study

Introduction:Plasma circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA)is an ideal approach to detecting the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)T790M mutation,which is a major mechanism of resistance to first-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)therapy.The present study aimed to explore the association of ctDNA-identified T790M mutation with disease failure sites and clinical prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients.Methods:Patients who progressed on first-generation TKIs were categorized into failure site groups of chest limited(CF),brain limited(BF)and other(OF).Amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS)and droplet digital PCR(ddPCR)were used to identify the T790M mutation in ctDNA.Prognosis was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier methods.Results:Overall concordance between the two methods was 78.3%.According to both ARMS and ddPCR,patients in the OF group had a significantly higher rate of T790M mutation than did patients in the BF and CF groups(P<0.001),and a significantly higher T790M mutation rate was also observed in OF-group patients than in those in the CF and BF groups(P<0.001).AZD9291 was found to be an excellent treatment option and yielded the longest survival for T790M+patients in all groups who had progressed on EGFR-TKIs;for other treatments,the prognosis of T790M−patient subgroups varied.Conclusions:The present study demonstrates that T790M mutation in ctDNA is associated with failure sites for NSCLC patients after EGFR-TKI therapy and indicates that both failure site and T790M mutational status greatly influ-ence treatment selection and prognosis.

Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumors with BRAF mutations

The BRAF gene is an important signaling molecule in human cells that is involved in the regulation of cell growth,differentiation,and survival.When the BRAF gene mutates,it can lead to abnormal activation of the signaling pathway,which promotes cell proliferation,inhibits cell apoptosis,and ultimately contributes to the occurrence and development of cancer.BRAF mutations are widely present in various cancers,including malignant melanoma,thyroid cancer,colorectal cancer,non-small cell lung cancer,and hairy cell leukemia,among others.BRAF is an important target for the treatment of various solid tumors,and targeted combination therapies,represented by BRAF inhibitors,have become one of the main treatment modalities for a variety of BRAF-mutation-positive solid tumors.