Structure, function, and mechanism of the TNFAIP8 (TIPE) family of proteins in cancer and inflammation

The multiple roles of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α-inducible protein 8(TNFAIP8),also named TIPE family of proteins have been shown in tumor and inflammation progression and regulation of cellular autophagy and apoptosis.In this review,we found that the TIPE family showed highly homologous sequences and conserved functional domains,such as the death effector domain(DED)-like domain but displayed different roles and mechanisms in different biological activities.For example,while TIPE is primarily associated with tumor progression and antitumor drug resistance,TIPE1 suppresses tumor progression in most instances.TIPE2 has multiple roles in tumor progression regulation,and antitumor drug resistance.Moreover,TIPE2 was also involved in inflammatory response regulation,tumor typing,and staging.A few studies reported that TIPE3 was engaged in tumor development by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signaling pathway.The structure,function,and mechanism of the TIPE family in cancer and inflammation have been summarized in this review.This might serve as a reference for further research on the TIPE family and shed new light on the crosstalk among antitumor responses,inflammation,and immunology.

Analysis of the operating parameters of a vortex electrostatic precipitator

A vortex electrostatic precipitator （VEP） forms a vortex flow field within a precipitator by means of the vertical staggered layout of the double-vortex collecting plate facing the direction of the gas flow. The ion concentrations within the precipitator can be significantly increased. Correspondingly, the charging and coagulation rates of fine particles and particle migration velocity are significantly improved within the VEP. Since it can effectively collect fine particles and reduce precipitator size, VEPs represent a new type of electrostatic precipitator with great application potential. In this work the change curve of the external voltage, gas velocity, row spacing and effective collecting area influencing the precipitation efficiency were acquired through a single-factor experiment. Using an orthogonal regression design, attempts were made to analyze the major operating parameters influencing the collecting efficiency of fine particles, establish a multiple linear regression model and analyze the weights of factors and then acquire quantitative rules relating experimental indicators and factors. The regression model was optimized by MATLAB programming, and we then obtained the optimal factor combination which can enhance the efficiency of fine particle collection. The final optimized result is that： when gas velocity is 3.4 m s-1, the external voltage is 18 kV, row spacing is 100 mm and the effective collecting area is 1.13 m2, the rate of fine particle collection is 89.8867%. After determining and analyzing the state of the internal flow field within the VEP by particle image velocimetry （PIV）, the results show that, for a particular gas velocity, a vortex zone and laminar zone are distinctly formed within the VEP, which increases the ion transport ratio as well as the charging, coagulation and collection rates of fine particles within the precipitator, thus making further improvements in the efficiency of fine particle collection.

Quantifying growth and breakage of agglomerates in fluid-particle flow using discrete particle method

The cohesive solids in liquid flows are featured by the dynamic growth and breakage of agglomerates, and the difficulties in the development, design and optimization of these systems are related to this significant feature.In this paper, discrete particle method is used to simulate a solid–liquid flow system including millions of cohesive particles, the growth rate and breakage rate of agglomerates are then systematically investigated. It was found that the most probable size of the agglomerates is determined by the balance of growth and breakage of the agglomerates the cross point of the lines of growth rate and breakage rate as a function of the particle numbers in an agglomerate, marks the most stable agglomerate size. The finding here provides a feasible way to quantify the dynamic behaviors of growth and breakage of agglomerates, and therefore offers the possibility of quantifying the effects of agglomerates on the hydrodynamics of fluid flows with cohesive particles.

A study on periodic boundary condition in direct numerical simulation for gas–solid flow

Direct numerical simulation(DNS) of gas–solid flow at high resolution has been carried out by coupling the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) for gas flow and the discrete element method(DEM) for solid particles. However,the body force periodic boundary condition(FPBC) commonly used to cut down the huge computational cost of such simulation has faced accuracy concerns. In this study, a novel two-region periodic boundary condition(TPBC) is presented to remedy this problem, with the flow driven in the region with body force and freely evolving in the other region. With simulation cases for simple circulating fluidized bed risers, the validity and advantages of TPBC are demonstrated with more reasonable heterogeneity of the particle distribution as compared to the corresponding case with FPBC.

Association between the related characters of hemispatial neglect and prognosis in stroke patients

OBJECTIVE： To recognize the significances of the classification, evaluation, treatment, pathogenesis, etiological factors and related loci of hemispatial neglect （HSN） in the treatment and prognosis of stroke patients. DATA SOURCES： Articles related to HSN in stroke published in English from January 1985 to December 2002 were searched in Medline database by using the keywords of ＂stroke, hemispatial neglect （HSN）, rehabilitation＂. Chinese relevant professional works and articles were also referred to. STUDY SELECTION： The data were primarily checked. Inclusive criteria： ① articles about the HSN symptoms in stroke; ② articles about the classification, evaluation, treatment, pathogenesis, etiological factors and related loci of HSN, as well as the treatment and prognosis of stroke. The repetitive studies or reviews were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION ： Totally 474 articles related to HSN in stroke were collected, 43 of them were involved and 431 repetitive studies or reviews were excluded. DATA SYNTHESES： HSN can be classified as sensory neglect and motor neglect. Because HSN is caused by the injury of network structure which mediated directed attention, it is generally believed that the inferior parietal Iobule of dominant hemisphere is the most closely correlated with neglect. The main theories related to the pathogenesis of HSN at present include ＂internal instruction＂, ＂directed bradykinesia＂, ＂sensory attention＂, etc. The main clinical manifestations are setover in drawing lines, picture drawing towards one side, imitation towards one side, picture description towards one side, etc., which can be evaluated by the line bisection test, target cancellation test, picture drawing test and pegboard test. The most important thing for the treatment is to make the patients continuously concentrate on the neglected side. CONCLUSION： HSN is an indicator for the bad outcome of cerebrovascular disease, the symptoms take longer time to rehabilitate with slow recovery, but quite a few HSN patients will get good prognosis if timely treatment and proper program are given.

Robust hydrogen production from HCOOH over amino-modified KIT-6-confined Pd Ir alloy nanoparticles

Formic acid (FA), which can be produced via CO_(2) reduction and biomass conversion, has received extensive interest as a convenient and safe hydrogen carrier due to its wide range of sources, renewable, high hydrogen content (4.4 wt%), and convenient storage/transportation. Designing highly efficient catalysts is the main challenge to realize the hydrogen production from FA. In this work, well-dispersed and electron-rich PdIr alloy nanoparticles with a size of 1.8 nm are confined in amino-modified 3D mesoporous silica KIT-6 and applied as a highly efficient catalyst for robust hydrogen production from FA at ambient temperature. Small PdIr alloy nanoparticles confined by amino-modified KIT-6 (PdIr/KIT-6-NH_(2)) lead to better catalytic activity compared to that of Pd/KIT-6-NH_(2) and PdIr confined by bare KIT-6, achieving a high turnover frequency (TOF) value of 3533 h-1 at ambient temperature (303 K), 100% H_(2) selectivity and conversion toward the dehydrogenation of FA, which is comparable to the best heterogeneous catalysts ever reported. The high catalytic activity of PdIr/KIT-6-NH_(2) can be attributed to the synergistic effect between Pd and Ir, strong interaction between PdIr and KIT-6-NH_(2), as well as the amino-groups of KIT-6-NH_(2) which can act as a proton scavenger to promote the breaking of O-H bond of formic acid.

NURBS-based DEM for non-spherical particles

The discrete element method(DEM)is used to analyze complex practical granular systems;however,the representation of real shapes is an important consideration because behavior of non-spherical particles is unlike that of spherical particles both individually and collectively.In this study,we use non-uniform rational basis-splines(NURBS)to describe the shapes of non-spherical particles and introduce a contact detection scheme based on quadratic convergence,to simulate the behaviors of elliptical particles.The simulation results are compared with those based on polygons,in terms of the shape description and contact treatment,to demonstrate the high accuracy and efficiency of NURBS-based DEM.

Synthesis of Acrylonitriles via Mild Base Promoted Tandem Nucleophilic Substitution-Isomerization ofα-Cyanohydrin Methanesulfonates

Main observation and conclusion We have developed an efficient synthesis of acrylonitriles via mild base promoted tandem nucleophilic substitution-isomerization ofα-cyanohydrin methanesulfonates with alkenylboronic acids.This transition metal-free protocol works under simple and mild conditions and offers good chemical yields for a wide range of substrates and demonstrates good functional group tolerance.