Transcriptome exploration to provide a resource for the study of Auricularia heimuer

Auricularia heimuer,an edible jelly fungus,is in considerable demand in Asia due to its high nutritive,economic and medicinal values.RNA-Seq was used to investigate and analyze the mycelium transcriptome of A.heimuer for gene discovery.A total of 26,857 unigenes with an N50 length of 1333 bp were assembled by de novo sequencing.In addition,unigenes were annotated by publicly available databases,including gene descriptions,gene ontology(GO),clusters of orthologous group(COG),Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)metabolic pathways,and protein family(Pfam)terms.A.heimuer was also studied for its wood degradation ability.Thirty-eight putative FOLymes(fungal oxidative lignin enzymes)and 251 CAZymes(carbohydrate-active enzymes)were located from A.heimuer transcriptome.Our study provides a comprehensive sequence resource for A.heimuer at the transcriptional level,which will lay a strong foundation for functional genomics studies and gene discovery of this promising fungus.

An estimation method of soil wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China based on geographic information system and remote sensing

Studies of wind erosion based on Geographic Information System（GIS） and Remote Sensing（RS） have not attracted sufficient attention because they are limited by natural and scientific factors.Few studies have been conducted to estimate the intensity of large-scale wind erosion in Inner Mongolia,China.In the present study,a new model based on five factors including the number of snow cover days,soil erodibility,aridity,vegetation index and wind field intensity was developed to quantitatively estimate the amount of wind erosion.The results showed that wind erosion widely existed in Inner Mongolia.It covers an area of approximately 90×104 km2,accounting for 80% of the study region.During 1985–2011,wind erosion has aggravated over the entire region of Inner Mongolia,which was indicated by enlarged zones of erosion at severe,intensive and mild levels.In Inner Mongolia,a distinct spatial differentiation of wind erosion intensity was noted.The distribution of change intensity exhibited a downward trend that decreased from severe increase in the southwest to mild decrease in the northeast of the region.Zones occupied by barren land or sparse vegetation showed the most severe erosion,followed by land occupied by open shrubbery.Grasslands would have the most dramatic potential for changes in the future because these areas showed the largest fluctuation range of change intensity.In addition,a significantly negative relation was noted between change intensity and land slope.The relation between soil type and change intensity differed with the content of Ca CO3 and the surface composition of sandy,loamy and clayey soils with particle sizes of 0–1 cm.The results have certain significance for understanding the mechanism and change process of wind erosion that has occurred during the study period.Therefore,the present study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of wind erosion in Inner Mongolia.

10 kV nanosecond pulse generator with high voltage gain and reduced switches

In the article,a new type boost high-voltage nanosecond pulse generator is proposed.The distributed inductance of the transmission line is utilised as the energy storage unit and cooperated with the variable impedance transmission line transformer to generate nanosecond pulses with extremely high-voltage gain.What’s more,the isolation effect caused by the transmission line time delay is applied to achieve modular stacking.The demand for charging power supply can be greatly reduced,and few switches are used.Finally,the topological principle is verified by experiments,and a prototype of the fivestage stacking prototype is built.With the charging voltage of 28 V,the generator can output pulse with a voltage amplitude of 10 kV and pulse width of 12 ns whose voltage gain is up to 357 times.

Coupled model constructed to simulate the landslide dam flood discharge:a case study of Baige landslide dam,Jinsha River

Landslide dam,always triggered by the strong earthquake and heavy rain,is a common natural disaster around the world.In this study,a coupled model was built by combining DB-IWHR model and the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate the landslide dam flood discharge.We mapped the maximum Baige landslide dam flood inundated area based on Gaofen-1 imagery,and then simulated the process of Baige landslide dam flood discharge using this coupled model.It was proved that,with 80.05%F values,the coupled model was suitable to simulate the process of landslide dam flood discharge.Lastly,multiple scenarios were simulated respectively by setting varying width and depth of spillway.The results of scenarios 1-4 indicated that spillway width presented low sensibility to the peak flow in spillway and the time of its arrival,and similarly to the water depth at river cross-section and the inundated area.Water depth at river cross-section and the inundated area decreased as spillway width increased.Even if spillway width varied at 10 m interval,the average variation of water depth was less than 1.82 m and the variation of inundated area was less than 2.85%.However,the results of scenarios 5-8 indicated that spillway depth was sensitive to the peak flow in spillway and its arrival time,and also to water depth at river cross-section and the inundated area.Water depth at river cross-section and the inundated area increased first and then started to drop with spillway depth kept decreasing.When spillway depth varied at only 2 m interval,the average variation of water depth at river cross-section basically exceeded 2 m and the variation of inundated area was more than 2.85%.

FWENet:a deep convolutional neural network for flood water body extraction based on SAR images

As one of the most severe natural disasters in the world,floods caused substantial economic losses and casualties every year.Timely and accurate acquisition of flood inundation extent could provide technical support for relevant departments in the field of flood emergency response and disaster relief.Given the accuracy of existing research works extracting flood inundation extent based on Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images and deep learning methods is relatively low,this study utilized Sentinel-1 SAR images as the data source and proposed a novel model named flood water body extraction convolutional neural network(FWENet)for flood information extraction.Then three classical semantic segmentation models(UNet,Deeplab v3 and UNet++)and two traditional water body extraction methods(Otsu global thresholding method and Object-Oriented method)were compared with the FWENet model.Furthermore,this paper analyzed the water body area change situations of Poyang Lake.The main results of this paper were as follows:Compared with other five water body extraction methods,the FWENet model achieved the highest water body extraction accuracy,its F1 score and mean intersection over union(mIoU)were 0.9871 and 0.9808,respectively.This study could guarantee the subsequent research on flood extraction based on SAR images.

Object-based image analysis of suburban landscapes using Landsat-8 imagery

Many experiments of object-based image analysis have been conducted in remote sensing classification.However,they commonly used highresolution imagery and rarely focused on suburban area.In this research,with the Landsat-8 imagery,classification of a suburban area via the object-based approach is achieved using four classifiers,including decision tree(DT),support vector machine(SVM),random trees(RT),and naive Bayes(NB).We performed feature selection at different sizes of segmentation scale and evaluated the effects of segmentation and tuning parameters within each classifier on classification accuracy.The results showed that the influence of shape on overall accuracy was greater than that of compactness,and a relatively low value of shape should be set with increasing scale size.For DT,the optimal maximum depth usually varied from 5 to 8.For SVM,the optimal gamma was less than or equal to 10^(-2),and its optimal C was greater than or equal to 10^(2).For RT,the optimal active variables was less than or equal to 4,and the optimal maximum tree number was greater than or equal to 30.Furthermore,although there was no statistically significant difference between some classification results produced using different classifiers,SVM has a slightly better performance.

Single-ended protection method for hybrid HVDC transmission line based on transient voltage characteristic frequency band

Hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission has the characteristic of long transmission distance,complex corridor environment,and rapid fault evolution of direct current(DC)lines.As high fault current can easily cause irreversible damage to power devices,rapid and reliable line protection and isolation are necessary to improve the security and reliability of hybrid HVDC transmission system.To address such requirement,this paper proposes a single-ended protection method based on transient voltage frequency band characteristics.First,the frequency characteristics of the smoothing reactor,DC filter,and DC line are analyzed,and the characteristic frequency band is defined.A fault criterion is then constructed based on the voltage characteristic frequency band energy,and faulty pole selection is performed according to the fault voltage characteristic frequency band energy ratio.The proposed protection method is verified by simulation,and the results show that it can rapidly and reliably identify internal and external faults,accurately select faulty poles without data communication synchronization,and has good fault-resist-ance and anti-interference performance.

Phase-separated bienzyme compartmentalization as artificial intracellular membraneless organelles for cell repair

Implanting artificial organelles in living cells is capable of correcting cellular dysfunctionalities for cell repair and biomedical applications. In this work, phase-separated bienzyme-loaded coacervate microdroplets are established as a model of artificial membraneless organelles in endothelial dysfunctional cells for the cascade enzymatic production of nitric oxide(NO) with a purpose of correcting cellular NO deficiency. We prepared the coacervate microdroplets via liquid-liquid phase separation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, in which glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase-mediated cascade reaction was compartmented. After the coacervate microdroplets were implanted in NO-deficient dysfunctional cells, the compartments maintained a phase-separated liquid droplet structure, which facilitated a significant enhancement of NO production in the dysfunctional cells. The recovery of NO production was further exploited to inhibit clot formation in blood plasma located in the cell suspension. This demonstrated a proof-of-concept design of artificial organelles in dysfunctional cells for cell repair and anticoagulation-related medical applications. Our results demonstrate an approach for the construction of coacervate droplets through phase separation for the generation of artificial membraneless organelles, which can be designed to provide an array of functionalities in living organisms that have the potential to be used in the field of cell engineering and medical therapy.

Effects of dietary lysolecithin(LPC)on growth,apparent digestibility of nutrient and lipid metabolism in juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus L.

An 8-week trial was conducted to investigate graded levels of dietary LPC on growth,apparent digestibility(ADs)of nutrients and lipid metabolism in juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus L.Five experimental diets were formulated which contain 11%crude fat with graded amounts of LPC(0,1000,2500,4000,5500 mg/kg diet).The fish fed diet with 11%crude lipid and 0 LPC was used as the negative control group(C-),meanwhile the fish fed diet with 12%crude fat and 0 LPC was used as the positive control group(C+).Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of turbot(initial body weight of 41 g)for 56d.Weight gain rate and specific growth rate of the fish fed LPC supplemented diets were significantly higher than the control groups,and the growth performance of the C-group was significantly lower than the others.The viscerosomatic index(VSI)was significantly decreased and the gall bladder somatic index(GSI)was significantly increased by dietary LPC.Crude lipid contents of muscle were elevated by dietary LPC.Apparent digestibility of energy was decreased by dietary LPC,but protein and lipid were not affected.Both total cholesterol(T-CHO)and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)were up-regulated,meanwhile neither alanine aminotransferase(ALT)nor total protein(TP)were down-regulated by dietary LPC.Enzymes involved in lipid metabolism(total lipase,hepatic lipase,lipoprotein lipase,fatty acids synthase,and lipase)were all elevated by dietary LPC.In conclusion,the lipid requirements of turbot were decreased by dietary LPC and the lipid utilization coefficient was enhanced.Based on SAS NLIN regression,dietary 870.37 mg/kg LPC was appropriate for turbot juvenile.