The undissolved phases and carbide precipitation in Ti and Ti-Zr microalloyed low-carbon steels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrome...The undissolved phases and carbide precipitation in Ti and Ti-Zr microalloyed low-carbon steels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. At 1225℃, the replacement of Ti by Zr formed Zr2CS and (Zr, Ti)N (the Ti/Zr atomic ratio is 0.11) and reduced the consumption of Ti. At 925℃, it was identified that TiC phases were precipitated at first and Zr was incorporated into the TiC lattice in the subsequent precipitation process, which promoted the precipitation of titanium carbide. The calculation of the interaction coefficient between Ti, C, N and Zr showed that Zr reduced the activity of Ti and C and increased the activity of N in the iron matrix. Therefore, with the addition of Zr, the solubility of Ti was increased, and the consumption of Ti was reduced at high temperature in Ti microalloyed low-carbon steel. The thermodynamic calculation of carbide precipitation transformation showed that the replacement of Ti by Zr increased the nucleation driving force and the nucleation rate of titanium carbide, while the critical core size and the critical nuclear energy were reduced. As the holding time was extended, the Zr/ Ti atomic ratio increased and the size of the precipitates also increased. When the Zr/Ti atomic ratio reached a certain level, the size of the precipitates did not increase with further increase in atomic ratio. When the Zr/Ti atomic ratio in (Ti, Zr)C was 0.05-0.17,(Ti, Zr)C was the most stable carbide and the easiest to nucleate at 925℃. There was more of the (Ti, Zr)C phase than TiC at 925 ℃ after 50 and 100 s, and the time to complete the coarsening behavior of (Ti, Zr)C was shorter than that of TiC.展开更多
The hot deformation characteristics of GH738 superalloy over the temperature range of 1000 °C to 1 200 °C and strain range of 0.01 s^-1 to 10.0 s^-1 under a strain of 1.0 s^-1 were investigated through hot c...The hot deformation characteristics of GH738 superalloy over the temperature range of 1000 °C to 1 200 °C and strain range of 0.01 s^-1 to 10.0 s^-1 under a strain of 1.0 s^-1 were investigated through hot compression tests with a Gleeble-1500 simulation machine. The flow stress reached peak value before flow softening occurred. The average apparent activation energy（Q） of GH738 was calculated to be 430 k J/mol, and the stress index（n） is approximately 4.08. The processing map was developed based on flow stress data and dynamic materials model（DMM）. The map shows a dynamic recrystallization（DRX） domain in 1 050 °C to 1150 °C and 0.01 s^-1 to 1.0 s^-1 strain rate range with a peak efficiency of 45%, which is considered to be the optimum region for hot working. Moreover, the materials undergo flow instability in the temperature range of 1000 °C to 1050 °C and strain range of 1.0 s^-1 to 10.0 s^-1, and adiabatic shear bands can be observed in this domain.展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51761019)the National Key R & D Program of China (Nos. 2017YFB0304700 and 2017YFB0304701).
文摘The undissolved phases and carbide precipitation in Ti and Ti-Zr microalloyed low-carbon steels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. At 1225℃, the replacement of Ti by Zr formed Zr2CS and (Zr, Ti)N (the Ti/Zr atomic ratio is 0.11) and reduced the consumption of Ti. At 925℃, it was identified that TiC phases were precipitated at first and Zr was incorporated into the TiC lattice in the subsequent precipitation process, which promoted the precipitation of titanium carbide. The calculation of the interaction coefficient between Ti, C, N and Zr showed that Zr reduced the activity of Ti and C and increased the activity of N in the iron matrix. Therefore, with the addition of Zr, the solubility of Ti was increased, and the consumption of Ti was reduced at high temperature in Ti microalloyed low-carbon steel. The thermodynamic calculation of carbide precipitation transformation showed that the replacement of Ti by Zr increased the nucleation driving force and the nucleation rate of titanium carbide, while the critical core size and the critical nuclear energy were reduced. As the holding time was extended, the Zr/ Ti atomic ratio increased and the size of the precipitates also increased. When the Zr/Ti atomic ratio reached a certain level, the size of the precipitates did not increase with further increase in atomic ratio. When the Zr/Ti atomic ratio in (Ti, Zr)C was 0.05-0.17,(Ti, Zr)C was the most stable carbide and the easiest to nucleate at 925℃. There was more of the (Ti, Zr)C phase than TiC at 925 ℃ after 50 and 100 s, and the time to complete the coarsening behavior of (Ti, Zr)C was shorter than that of TiC.
基金Item Sponsored by National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China(2012AA03A502)
文摘The hot deformation characteristics of GH738 superalloy over the temperature range of 1000 °C to 1 200 °C and strain range of 0.01 s^-1 to 10.0 s^-1 under a strain of 1.0 s^-1 were investigated through hot compression tests with a Gleeble-1500 simulation machine. The flow stress reached peak value before flow softening occurred. The average apparent activation energy（Q） of GH738 was calculated to be 430 k J/mol, and the stress index（n） is approximately 4.08. The processing map was developed based on flow stress data and dynamic materials model（DMM）. The map shows a dynamic recrystallization（DRX） domain in 1 050 °C to 1150 °C and 0.01 s^-1 to 1.0 s^-1 strain rate range with a peak efficiency of 45%, which is considered to be the optimum region for hot working. Moreover, the materials undergo flow instability in the temperature range of 1000 °C to 1050 °C and strain range of 1.0 s^-1 to 10.0 s^-1, and adiabatic shear bands can be observed in this domain.
