目的分析学前儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的临床特征。方法以符合美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》诊断标准并经诊断性婴幼儿及学前儿童评估(diagnostic infant and preschool assessme...目的分析学前儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的临床特征。方法以符合美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》诊断标准并经诊断性婴幼儿及学前儿童评估(diagnostic infant and preschool assessment,DIPA)访谈的326例ADHD学前儿童(4岁0个月~5岁11个月)作为研究对象,分为注意缺陷为主型、多动冲动为主型和混合型。使用学前儿童中文版SNAP评定量表(Chinese version of the Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham rating scale)、长处和困难问卷(strengths and difficulties questionnaire,SDQ)及家长动机问卷(parent motivational questionnaire)进行评定。结果326例ADHD学前儿童中,男孩271例,女孩55例,男女性别比为5∶1;ADHD亚型构成,混合型216例,多动冲动为主型81例,注意缺陷为主型29例,3种亚型的构成比约为7∶3∶1;110例(33.7%)存在共病,其中93例共病对立违抗性障碍(oppositional defiant disorder,ODD)。SDQ结果显示,69.0%的ADHD学前儿童存在伙伴问题;家长动机问卷结果提示,79.9%的家长有(强烈)改变的意愿。结论学前儿童ADHD,男孩多见,混合型为主,共病中对立违抗性障碍的比例最高;患病儿童的伙伴问题突出,家长有着强烈的治疗动机。展开更多
目的对新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间过度使用电子产品的注意缺陷多动障碍(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)学龄儿童的家庭功能和家长教养效能进行调查和分析。探讨在应激事件中,家庭功能与教养效能与儿童电子产...目的对新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间过度使用电子产品的注意缺陷多动障碍(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)学龄儿童的家庭功能和家长教养效能进行调查和分析。探讨在应激事件中,家庭功能与教养效能与儿童电子产品使用的关系,为今后干预应激中儿童的家庭提供依据。方法选取ADHD学龄儿童194例,以青少年手机使用依赖自评问卷(self-rating questionnaire for adolescent problematic mobile phone use,SQAPMPU)和网络成瘾诊断量表(internet addiction test,IAT)为依据,划分为电子产品使用过度组(过度组)和使用正常组(正常组)。采用家庭功能量表(family assessment device,FAD)评估两组儿童的家庭功能,采用育儿胜任感量表(parenting sense of competence,PSOC)、患者健康问卷抑郁量表(patient health questionnaire 9-item,PHQ-9)和广泛性焦虑量表(generalized anxiety disorder assessment 7-item,GAD-7)评定家长的教养效能、教养满意度和心理健康水平。结果过度组家庭功能中的沟通和角色因子得分显著高于正常组(P<0.05),家长的教养效能、教养满意度得分和育儿胜任感总分均显著低于正常组(P<0.05)。过度组ADHD儿童家长的PHQ-9和GAD-7得分均高于正常组(P<0.05)。家庭功能对网络成瘾产生显著正性影响作用(P<0.05);育儿胜任感对网络成瘾和手机依赖产生显著负性影响作用(P<0.05)。结论存在过度使用电子产品行为的ADHD儿童家庭在沟通和角色功能方面有明显缺陷,且这类ADHD儿童家长对自身教养能力和教养满意度的评价较低,同时家长自身的抑郁、焦虑水平较高。此外,家庭功能和家长的育儿胜任感可影响ADHD儿童的电子产品使用行为。提示,干预应激中ADHD儿童的电子产品使用应注重提升家庭功能和育儿胜任感。展开更多
As an important part of the soil phosphorus(P)pool,organic P(OP)is widely found in terrestrial and aquatic environments(e.g.,soils and sediments).The interfacial behavior of OP on natural minerals affects the transpor...As an important part of the soil phosphorus(P)pool,organic P(OP)is widely found in terrestrial and aquatic environments(e.g.,soils and sediments).The interfacial behavior of OP on natural minerals affects the transport,transformation,and bioavailability of P in the environment.This paper reviews the processes involving adsorption-desorption,dissolution-precipitation,and enzymatic/mineral-mediated hydrolysis of OP at the mineral-water interface,and their subsequent effects on OP speciation and mineral colloidal stability/reactivity.The sorption mechanisms of OP on natural minerals mainly include surface complexation and precipitation,which are controlled by factors such as mineral identity and crystallinity,the relative molecular weight of OP,reaction pH,ionic strength,temperature,and co-existing ligands or ions.The desorption amount and rate of OP from minerals are determined by the mineral identity,desorbent type,pre-sorption time,OP species,reaction pH,number of desorption cycles,and redox status.The interactions between OP and minerals affect the sorption of co-existing metal ions and the stability of the minerals.The effect of minerals on the enzymatic hydrolysis of OP sorbed on mineral surfaces depends on the mineral identity and OP species.Some minerals also exhibit catalytic activity to promote the cleavage of C–O–P bonds and OP hydrolysis.We provide an overview of state-of-the-art techniques currently applied in environmental OP research.The main challenges and future research directions are also summarized to further explore OP interactions with natural minerals in complex environmental settings.展开更多
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation has been explored as a feasible pathway for ammonia synthesis.How-ever,the convenient and efficient preparation of photocatalysts for nitrogen fixation remains a challenge.Meanwhile,th...Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation has been explored as a feasible pathway for ammonia synthesis.How-ever,the convenient and efficient preparation of photocatalysts for nitrogen fixation remains a challenge.Meanwhile,the reaction pathway and mechanism of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation are unclear.Herein,single-atom Fe-porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(FPx)samples were manufactured using a one-step anneal technique via bubble template and direct metal atomization.Characterization results indicate that FPx has a porous structure and single-atom Fe.The porous structure exposed more active centers.Simultaneously,single-atom Fe changes the adsorption mode of N_(2)from physical to chemical and turns the photocatalytic ni-trogen fixation from the associative distal pathway to the associative alternating pathway.Consequently,without any sacrificial agent or cocatalysts,FPx presents a prominent increase in photocatalytic activ-ity,reaching 62.42μmol h^(−1)g^(−1),over fivefold larger than that of bulk g-C_(3)N_(4).This work provides new insights into photocatalytic nitrogen fixation and achieves efficient N_(2)photoreduction by constructing single-atom photocatalysts.展开更多
基金Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 20DZ2254900)Municipal Public Welfare Research Project from Jiaxing,Zhejiang Province (No. 2022AY10001)Open Project Program of Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases.
文摘目的分析学前儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的临床特征。方法以符合美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》诊断标准并经诊断性婴幼儿及学前儿童评估(diagnostic infant and preschool assessment,DIPA)访谈的326例ADHD学前儿童(4岁0个月~5岁11个月)作为研究对象,分为注意缺陷为主型、多动冲动为主型和混合型。使用学前儿童中文版SNAP评定量表(Chinese version of the Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham rating scale)、长处和困难问卷(strengths and difficulties questionnaire,SDQ)及家长动机问卷(parent motivational questionnaire)进行评定。结果326例ADHD学前儿童中,男孩271例,女孩55例,男女性别比为5∶1;ADHD亚型构成,混合型216例,多动冲动为主型81例,注意缺陷为主型29例,3种亚型的构成比约为7∶3∶1;110例(33.7%)存在共病,其中93例共病对立违抗性障碍(oppositional defiant disorder,ODD)。SDQ结果显示,69.0%的ADHD学前儿童存在伙伴问题;家长动机问卷结果提示,79.9%的家长有(强烈)改变的意愿。结论学前儿童ADHD,男孩多见,混合型为主,共病中对立违抗性障碍的比例最高;患病儿童的伙伴问题突出,家长有着强烈的治疗动机。
文摘目的对新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间过度使用电子产品的注意缺陷多动障碍(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)学龄儿童的家庭功能和家长教养效能进行调查和分析。探讨在应激事件中,家庭功能与教养效能与儿童电子产品使用的关系,为今后干预应激中儿童的家庭提供依据。方法选取ADHD学龄儿童194例,以青少年手机使用依赖自评问卷(self-rating questionnaire for adolescent problematic mobile phone use,SQAPMPU)和网络成瘾诊断量表(internet addiction test,IAT)为依据,划分为电子产品使用过度组(过度组)和使用正常组(正常组)。采用家庭功能量表(family assessment device,FAD)评估两组儿童的家庭功能,采用育儿胜任感量表(parenting sense of competence,PSOC)、患者健康问卷抑郁量表(patient health questionnaire 9-item,PHQ-9)和广泛性焦虑量表(generalized anxiety disorder assessment 7-item,GAD-7)评定家长的教养效能、教养满意度和心理健康水平。结果过度组家庭功能中的沟通和角色因子得分显著高于正常组(P<0.05),家长的教养效能、教养满意度得分和育儿胜任感总分均显著低于正常组(P<0.05)。过度组ADHD儿童家长的PHQ-9和GAD-7得分均高于正常组(P<0.05)。家庭功能对网络成瘾产生显著正性影响作用(P<0.05);育儿胜任感对网络成瘾和手机依赖产生显著负性影响作用(P<0.05)。结论存在过度使用电子产品行为的ADHD儿童家庭在沟通和角色功能方面有明显缺陷,且这类ADHD儿童家长对自身教养能力和教养满意度的评价较低,同时家长自身的抑郁、焦虑水平较高。此外,家庭功能和家长的育儿胜任感可影响ADHD儿童的电子产品使用行为。提示,干预应激中ADHD儿童的电子产品使用应注重提升家庭功能和育儿胜任感。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42030709 and 42167031).
文摘As an important part of the soil phosphorus(P)pool,organic P(OP)is widely found in terrestrial and aquatic environments(e.g.,soils and sediments).The interfacial behavior of OP on natural minerals affects the transport,transformation,and bioavailability of P in the environment.This paper reviews the processes involving adsorption-desorption,dissolution-precipitation,and enzymatic/mineral-mediated hydrolysis of OP at the mineral-water interface,and their subsequent effects on OP speciation and mineral colloidal stability/reactivity.The sorption mechanisms of OP on natural minerals mainly include surface complexation and precipitation,which are controlled by factors such as mineral identity and crystallinity,the relative molecular weight of OP,reaction pH,ionic strength,temperature,and co-existing ligands or ions.The desorption amount and rate of OP from minerals are determined by the mineral identity,desorbent type,pre-sorption time,OP species,reaction pH,number of desorption cycles,and redox status.The interactions between OP and minerals affect the sorption of co-existing metal ions and the stability of the minerals.The effect of minerals on the enzymatic hydrolysis of OP sorbed on mineral surfaces depends on the mineral identity and OP species.Some minerals also exhibit catalytic activity to promote the cleavage of C–O–P bonds and OP hydrolysis.We provide an overview of state-of-the-art techniques currently applied in environmental OP research.The main challenges and future research directions are also summarized to further explore OP interactions with natural minerals in complex environmental settings.
基金supported by the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20224BAB213016)Jiangxi Province tech-nology innovation guidance project(grant No.20212BDH81036)Science and Technology Project of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province(No.GJJ200457).
文摘Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation has been explored as a feasible pathway for ammonia synthesis.How-ever,the convenient and efficient preparation of photocatalysts for nitrogen fixation remains a challenge.Meanwhile,the reaction pathway and mechanism of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation are unclear.Herein,single-atom Fe-porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(FPx)samples were manufactured using a one-step anneal technique via bubble template and direct metal atomization.Characterization results indicate that FPx has a porous structure and single-atom Fe.The porous structure exposed more active centers.Simultaneously,single-atom Fe changes the adsorption mode of N_(2)from physical to chemical and turns the photocatalytic ni-trogen fixation from the associative distal pathway to the associative alternating pathway.Consequently,without any sacrificial agent or cocatalysts,FPx presents a prominent increase in photocatalytic activ-ity,reaching 62.42μmol h^(−1)g^(−1),over fivefold larger than that of bulk g-C_(3)N_(4).This work provides new insights into photocatalytic nitrogen fixation and achieves efficient N_(2)photoreduction by constructing single-atom photocatalysts.
