Interaction of monopalmitate and carnauba wax on the properties and crystallization behavior of soybean oleogel

The aim of this work was to investigate the possible synergistic interaction between monopalmitate(MP)and carnauba wax(CW)on the properties and crystallization behavior of oleogels.The soybean oleogels were prepared from MP and CW,and were characterized by oil binding capacity(OBC),solid fat content(SFC)and isothermal crystallization.The results showed that the OBC of the prepared oleogels changed in a W-shape trend with the increase of CW content.The mass ratio of MP and CW greatly affected the SFC.At 40,50 and 60°C,the SFC of these oleogels showed a slight deep eutectic effect with the increase of CW content in the gelators.The mass ratio of MP to CW also apparently affected the peak temperature and enthalpy during the crystallization and melting process analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter.The hysteresis occurring in the study indicated that crystallization temperature was lower than melting temperature and crystallization enthalpy was higher than melting enthalpy.The isothermal crystallization of these oleogels was characterized by Avrami equation,the Avrami exponent(n)and the apparent crystallization constant(k)of these oleogels were affected by the mass ratio of MP to CW as well as the crystallization temperature.Great difference in the values of n and k between the MP(or CW)oleogel and these oleogels suggested that the crystal growth mechanism had changed.However,the factor k for the oleogel formed of MP and CW with a mass ratio of 2:8 was about 1,unaffected by the crystallization temperature.From these results,we could deduce that the synergistic interaction between MP and CW did happen and affect the properties and crystallization behavior of these oleogels.

Measurement and correlation of the solubility of sodium acetate in eight pure and binary solvents

The knowledge of solubility of a salt in either the pure solvent or blend solvent is of great importance for studying or operating the crystallization,extraction,and distillation processes.The solubility of sodium acetate(NaAc)in four pure solvents(water,ethanol,acetic acid and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol)and four binary solvents(water–ethanol,water-acetic acid,acetic acid–ethanol,and acetic acid-ethyl acetate)were measured by using the laser dynamic method at temperatures from 288.15 K to 338.15 K at 0.1 MPa.The results showed that the solubility of NaAc was influenced by either the solution temperature or solvent composition.The aqueous sodium acetate solution possessed the maximal solubility under the experimental conditions.The solubility of NaAc in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol was found to be decreased with the increase of the solution temperature.While,the solubilities of NaAc in other seven solvents increased as the solution temperature was elevated.Besides,five correlation models,including the van’t Hoff model,modified Apelblat model,Yaws model,λh model,and modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree model were used to correlate the solubility data of those sodium acetate solutions with acceptable deviation,respectively.Finally,van’t Hoff analysis method was selected to analyze the change law of thermodynamic properties of a salt during the dissolution process.

Chemo-drugs in cell microparticles reset antitumor activity of macrophages by activating lysosomal P450 and nuclear hnRNPA2B1

Macrophages in tumors(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs),a major population within most tumors,play key homeostatic functions by stimulating angiogenesis,enhancing tumor cell growth,and suppressing antitumor immunity.Resetting TAMs by simple,efficacious and safe approach(s)is highly desirable to enhance antitumor immunity and attenuate tumor cell malignancy.Previously,we used tumor cell-derived microparticles to package chemotherapeutic drugs(drug-MPs),which resulted in a significant treatment outcome in human malignant pleural effusions via neutrophil recruitments,implicating that drug-MPs might reset TAMs,considering the inhibitory effects of M2 macrophages on neutrophil recruitment and activation.Here,we show that drug-MPs can function as an antitumor immunomodulator by resetting TAMs with M1 phenotype and IFN-βrelease.Mechanistically,drug molecules in tumor MPs activate macrophage lysosomal P450 monooxygenases,resulting in superoxide anion formation,which further amplifies lysosomal ROS production and pH value by activating lysosomal NOX2.Consequently,lysosomal Ca^(2+)signaling is activated,thus polarizing macrophages towards M1.Meanwhile,the drug molecules are delivered from lysosomes into the nucleus where they activate DNA sensor hnRNPA2B1 for IFN-βproduction.This lysosomal-nuclear machinery fully arouses the antitumor activity of macrophages by targeting both lysosomal pH and the nuclear innate immunity.These findings highlight that drug-MPs can act as a new immunotherapeutic approach by revitalizing antitumor activity of macrophages.This mechanistic elucidation can be translated to treat malignant ascites by drug-MPs combined with PD-1 blockade.

Deep reinforcement with spectrum series learning control for a mode-locked fiber laser

A spectrum series learning-based model is presented for mode-locked fiber laser state searching and switching.The mode-locked operation search policy is obtained by our proposed algorithm that combines deep reinforcement learning and long short-term memory networks.Numerical simulations show that the dynamic features of the laser cavity can be obtained from spectrum series.Compared with the traditional evolutionary search algorithm that only uses the current state,this model greatly improves the efficiency of the mode-locked search.The switch of the mode-locked state is realized by a predictive neural network that controls the pump power.In the experiments,the proposed algorithm uses an average of only 690 ms to obtain a stable mode-locked state,which is one order of magnitude less than that of the traditional method.The maximum number of search steps in the algorithm is 47 in the 16°C–30°C temperature environment.The pump power prediction error is less than 2 mW,which ensures precise laser locking on multiple operating states.This proposed technique paves the way for a variety of optical systems that require fast and robust control.

Effect of microfibrillated cellulose(MFC)on the properties of gelatin based composite films

Properties of gelatin composite films(with 4%glycerol as plasticizer)with different mass concentrations of microfibrillated cellulose(MFC)(0.2-1.0%)were investigated.The prepared composite films with 1.0%MFC showed the highest tensile strength(12.32 MPa)with the lowest water absorption rate(391.1%).The composite films can be dissolved in hot water of 95℃ in less than 5 minutes.However,the addition of MFC had insignificant effect on the heat shrinkage and light transmittance of the resultant composite films.