Effects of mixed fertilizers formed by the compounding of two targeted controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers on yield,nitrogen use efficiency,and ammonia volatilization in double-cropping rice

One-time application of mixed fertilizer formed by the compounding of two controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers(CRUs)with targeted N supply during the periods from transplantation(TS)to panicle initiation(PI)and from PI to heading(HS)is expected to synchronize the double-peak N demand of rice.However,its effects on the yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of labor-intensive double-cropping rice were unknown.Two targeted CRU(CRU_(A)and CRU_(B))were compounded in five ratios(CRU_(A):CRU_(B)=10:0,7:3,5:5,3:7,and 0:10)to form five mixed fertilizers(BBFs):BBF1-5.A field experiment was performed to investigate the characteristics of N supply in early and late seasons under different BBFs and their effects on N uptake,yield,and ammonia volatilization(AV)loss from paddy fields of double-cropping rice.Conventional high-yield fertilization(CK,three split applications of urea)and zero-N treatments were established as controls.The N supply dropped significantly with the increased compound ratio of CRU_(B)during the period from TS to PI,but increased during the period from PI to HS.With the exception of the period from TS to PI in the late rice season,the N uptake of early and late rice maintained close synchronicity with the N supply of BBFs during the double-peak periods.Excessive N supply(BBF1 and BBF2)in the late rice season during the period from TS to PI increased N loss by AV.The effect of BBF on grain yield increase varied widely between seasons,irrespective of year.Among the BBFs,the BBF2 treatment of early rice not only stabilized the spikelets per panicle but also ensured a high number of effective panicles by promoting N uptake during the period from TS to PI and a high grain-filling percentage by appropriately reducing the N supply at the later PI stage,resulting in the highest rice yield.While stabilizing the effective panicle number,the BBF4 treatment of late rice increased the number of spikelets per panicle by promoting N uptake during the period from PI to HS,resulting in the highest rice yield.The two-year average yield and apparent N recovery efficiency of the BBF2 treatment during the early rice season were 9.6 t ha 1 and 45.3%,while those of late rice in BBF4 were 9.6 t ha 1 and 43.0%,respectively.The yield and NUE indexes of BBF2 in early rice and BBF4 in late rice showed no significant difference from those of CK.The AVs of BBF2 during the early rice season and of BBF4 during the late rice season were 50.0%and 76.8%lower,respectively,than those of CK.BBF2 and BBF4 could effectively replace conventional urea split fertilization in early and late rice seasons,ensuring rice yield and NUE and reducing AV loss in paddy fields.

Effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens

Background： Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostfidium perffingens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential oils （EO, which contained 25 % thymol and 25 % carvacrol as active components） supplementation on growth performance, gut lesions, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of the broiler chickens infected with C. perfringens. A total of 448 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into eight treatment groups following a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement with four dietary EO dosages （0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg） and two infection status （with or without C. perfringens challenge from d 14 to 20）. Results： The challenge did not impair the growth performance of birds, but induced gut lesions and increased crypt depth in the ileum （P ≤ 0.05）. It also down-regulated the claudin-1 and occludin mRNA expression （P ≤0.05）, up-regulated the mRNA expression of interleukin-113 （P≤ 0.05）, tended to increase the toll-like receptor （TLR） 2 mRNA expression （P 〈 0.10） in the ileum, and enhanced the mucosal secretory IgA production （P 〈 0.05）. In the challenged birds, dietary EO supplementation linearly alleviated the gut lesions and improved the ratio of villus height to crypt depth （P ≤0.05）, and the supplementation of 120 and 240 mg/kg EO increased the serum antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus （P≤ 0.05）. Regardless of challenge, the EO supplementation showed a tendency to linearly elevate the feed conversion efficiency between 14 and 28 d of age as well as the occludin mRNA expression （P〈 0.10）, and linearly inhibited the mRNA expression of TLR2 and tumor necrotic factor-o in the ileum （P≤ 0.05）. Conclusions： The dietary supplementation of EO could alleviate the intestinal injury by improving intestinal integrity and modulating immune responses in the C. perffingens-challenged broiler chickens.

ERK signaling pathway may induce gemcitabine chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cell line SW1990 by regulating the expression of mdr-1 and RRM1 gene

调查在细胞外的调整信号的激酶(英皇家空军之阶级最低之兵) 之间的关系的目的小径，多在 gemcitabine (宝石) 的药抵抗基因(mdr-1 ) ，核糖核甙酸还原酶 M1 (RRM1 ) 基因和他们的角色在胰腺的癌症房间的化学抵抗力衬里 SW1990。宝石抵抗房间建模的方法被一个逐步的方法构造。Immunohistochemistry 被用来在半在确定的房间紧张测量英皇家空军之阶级最低之兵蛋白质(ERK1/2 ) 的表示量的方法。mdr-1 和 RRM1 的 mRNA 表示被 RT-PCR 检测。MTT 试金被执行决定 IC50 价值。确定的宝石抵抗的房间拉紧的结果能在宝石(0， 30， 60， 100， 150 和 200 nmol/L ) 的中等包含的不同集中层次获得稳定的生长和经过能力。英皇家空军之阶级最低之兵蛋白质， mdr-1 和 RRM1 基因的表示被提高由宝石集中的增加伴随了。在 mdr-1， RRM1 表示和宝石抵抗水平之间有高度积极的关联(r = 0.960， P = 0.002 并且 r = 0.966， P = 0.002 ) 。英皇家空军之阶级最低之兵蛋白质的表示也与 mdr-1 和 RRM1 水平相关(r =−0.943， P = 0.005 并且 r =−0.883， P = 0.02 ) 。在 200 nmol/L 的宝石抵抗水平， ERK1/2 的灰规模价值是 164.22 ± 13.17， mdr-1/β-actin 和 RRM1/β-actin 是 1.41 ± 0.04 和 1.45 ± 0.18 分别地；在与英皇家空军之阶级最低之兵小径禁止者 U0126 对待以后，这些价值同时地减少了到 186.85 ± 13.14， 0.2 3 ± 0.02 和 0.21 ± 0.03 分别地；相反地， ERK1/2 灰规模价值是 106.55 ± 16.45， mdr-1/β-actin 和 RRM1/β-actin 是 1.50 ± 0.07 和 1.52 ± 0.12，分别地它介绍了一个趋势在与英皇家空军之阶级最低之兵小径使活跃之物 EGF 对待以后，同时地增加。在 0 nmol/L 和 200 个 nmol/L 层次的宝石抵抗的房间的 IC50 价值分别地是 4.104 和 10.20。在与 U0126 对待以后，这些价值分别地减少了到 3.26 和 4.50；当与 EGF 对待时， IC50 价值分别地增加了到 8.89 和 17.17。英皇家空军之阶级最低之兵小径可以在 mdr-1 和 RRM1 基因表示的规定通过参予在胰腺的房间线 SW1990 导致 GEM-chemoresistance 的结论。