Entropy of black holes with arbitrary shapes in loop quantum gravity

The quasi-local notion of an isolated horizon is employed to study the entropy of black holes without any particular symmetry in loop quantum gravity. The idea of characterizing the shape of a horizon by a sequence of local areas is successfully applied in the scheme to calculate the entropy by the S O(1, 1) BF boundary theory matching loop quantum gravity in the bulk. The generating function for calculating the microscopical degrees of freedom of a given isolated horizon is obtained. Numerical computations of small black holes indicate a new entropy formula containing the quantum correction related to the partition of the horizon. Further evidence shows that, for a given horizon area, the entropy decreases as a black hole deviates from the spherically symmetric one,and the entropy formula is also well suitable for big black holes.

Prevalence and Severity of HBV-Associated Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Due to Irregular Medication of Nucleos(t)ide Analogs

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)represents the commonest etiologic agent of acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)in most Asian countries.Nucleos(t)ide analogs(NAs)are effective in the treatment of chronic HBV infections,but may also exacerbate the disease and stimulate its development into HBV-associated ACLF if not used appropriately.The current study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of HBV-associated ACLF as a result from irregular medication of NAs(IMNA).A total of 1134 individuals with HBV-associated ACLF in nine hospitals in Heilongjiang Province were enrolled in this study between 2005 and 2015.Among these,777 chronic hepatitis B(CHB)and 357 HBV-associated liver cirrhosis cases were classified based on various predisposing factors,including IMNA,HBV reactivation(HBVR),infections,treatment drugs,alcohol use and others(hepatitis C virus,hepatitis E virus,gastrointestinal bleeding and unknown reasons).The percentage and improvement rate were examined.Among individuals with HBV-associated ACLF and CHB,IMNA was found in 9.01%,HBVR in 46.20%,infections in 9.52%,treatment drugs in 14.67%,alcohol in 11.71%,and others in 24.58%as predisposing factors.Improvement rates in cases with IMNA,HBVR,infections,treatment drugs,alcohol and others were 41.43%,58.50%,58.11%,56.14%,53.85%,and 65.97%,respectively.Multivariable analysis showed that IMNA,others,infections,hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome were associated with prognosis.Only IMNA independently predicted HBV-associated ACLF prognosis.Overall,our study demonstrated that the percentage of IMNAinduced HBV-associated ACLF was 12.61%,and worse disease conditions resulted from IMNA compared with other factors.Thus,the suitability of treatment with NAs should be thoroughly evaluated.