Genetic load and inbreeding are recognized as important factors to be considered in conservation programs.Elevated levels of both can increase the risk of population extinction by negatively impacting fitness-related ...Genetic load and inbreeding are recognized as important factors to be considered in conservation programs.Elevated levels of both can increase the risk of population extinction by negatively impacting fitness-related characters in many species of plants and animals,including humans(inbreeding depression).Genomic tech-niques are increasingly used in measuring and understanding genetic load and inbreeding and their importance in evolution and conservation.We used whole genome resequencing data from two sibling grouse species in subarctic Eurasia to quantify both.We found a large range of inbreeding measured as FROH(fraction of runs of homozygosity)in individuals from different populations of Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi)and Hazel Grouse(T.bonasia).FROH estimated from genome-wide runs of homozygosity(ROH)ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 among Chinese Grouse populations and from 0.01 to 0.44 in Hazel Grouse.Individuals from a population of Chinese Grouse residing in the Qilian mountains and from the European populations of Hazel Grouse(including samples from Sweden,Germany and Northeast Poland)were the most inbred(FROH ranged from 0.10 to 0.23 and 0.11 to 0.44,respectively).These levels are comparable to other highly inbred populations of birds.Hazel Grouse from northern China and Chinese Grouse residing in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau showed relatively lower inbreeding levels.Comparisons of the ratio between deleterious missense mutations and synonymous mutations revealed higher levels in Chinese Grouse as compared to Hazel Grouse.These results are possibly explained by higher fixation rates,mutational melt down,in the range-restricted Chinese Grouse compared to the wide-ranging Hazel Grouse.However,when we compared the relatively more severe class of loss-of-function muta-tions,Hazel Grouse had slightly higher levels than Chinese Grouse,a result which may indicate that purifying selection(purging)has been more efficient in Chinese Grouse on this class of mutations.展开更多
New distribution areas of the Sichuan wood owl (Strix davidi) were recorded at Lianhuashan Natural Reserve (Kangle county),Zecha (Luqu county) and Kache (Zhuoni county) in Gansu,China.Now its distribution includes wes...New distribution areas of the Sichuan wood owl (Strix davidi) were recorded at Lianhuashan Natural Reserve (Kangle county),Zecha (Luqu county) and Kache (Zhuoni county) in Gansu,China.Now its distribution includes west Sichuan,southeastern Qinghai and southern Gansu.Combined with the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis),this distribution range corresponds to the distribution of the genera Bonasa (B.sewerzowi and B.bonasia) and Perisoreus (P.internigrans and P.infaustus).All are related to the endemic birds in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Based on our work during 1995～1999,we reported our field observations and preliminary habitat characters of the bird.The main habitat of Sichuan wood owl in Gansu was found in the conifer and conifer-deciduous mixing forest from 2 900 m to 3 300 m.At the Lianhuashan Natural Reserve,the birds were observed many times,with some breeding activities.The population of Sichuan wood owl at Lianhuashan Mountains was an isolated one,and the reserve only protected about 3 360 hm\+2.of its habitat.展开更多
The Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) is a rare, endemic bird in China, inhabiting conifer-dominated mountain forests. Both the natural fragmentation and heavy cutting of mature forests have resulted in patchy grou...The Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) is a rare, endemic bird in China, inhabiting conifer-dominated mountain forests. Both the natural fragmentation and heavy cutting of mature forests have resulted in patchy grouse habitats. We used SPOT (XS-sensor) satellite imagery to discriminate between open land and conifer or broadleaf forests. The area analyzed is about 120000 ha in size and includes the Lianhuashan Nature Reserve and the Yeliguan Forestry Park. We identiifed 4111 ha of mature coniferous forests in 229 patches (maximum 332 ha, mean 18 ha) as the habitat used by Chinese Grouse throughout the year. We examined 31 forest islands of different sizes and degrees of isolation for the presence of Chinese Grouse. We used generalized linear models (GLM) with binomial error structure and logit link function to estimate the probability of Chinese Grouse occupancy in a forest fragment. Habitat patch size (hs) and distance to the next occupied fragment (doc) were used as predictor variables, important for occupancy. Small habitat islands were disproportionately less likely to be occupied than large, nearby habitats. There was a clear speciifc habitat size of about 40 ha, above which habitat fragments were occupied more often. Suitable habitat fragments isolated by more than 2 km appeared to be inaccessible to Chinese Grouse. The results have been used in reforestation projects to establish linking corridors in the study area.展开更多
Background:Incubating birds must balance the conflict between thermal needs of the developing embryos and their self?maintenance needs for energy.The Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) lives in high mountain conifer...Background:Incubating birds must balance the conflict between thermal needs of the developing embryos and their self?maintenance needs for energy.The Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) lives in high mountain conifer forests and faces energy stress,cold environment,and predation pressure.Females might adjust incubation rhythm to adapt to these constraints. Methods:Two methods were used to investigate egg laying and incubation pattern of the Chinese Grouse;25 nests were monitored by data loggers and 12 nests by infrared video cameras. Results:Female Chinese Grouses usually laid an egg every 2 days.The incubation period was 28-31 days. Overall incubation constancy for Chinese Grouse was 93%. The females took 5.0 recesses per day and 34% of all 1696 recesses were taken in the crepuscular period. The average recess duration was 20.3 min. Females took more and shorter recesses in the latter part of incubation.The females who allocated more time to foraging had a higher reproductive success. Conclusions:Probably due to its high egg/body mass ratio,the Chinese Grouse has a long laying interval of 49 h. We suggest that,due to energy stress,females have relatively more recesses and they increase the number of recesses as incubation progresses.To compensate for the embryos'thermal needs, they extend the incubation period and shorten the recess duration in this cold environment.展开更多
The Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi) and Hazel Grouse(T. bonasia) are sibling species that are well-adapted to harsh high-altitude and latitude habitats. In the current study, we sampled and sequenced 29 Chinese Gr...The Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi) and Hazel Grouse(T. bonasia) are sibling species that are well-adapted to harsh high-altitude and latitude habitats. In the current study, we sampled and sequenced 29 Chinese Grouse(n=16) and Hazel Grouse(n=13) from eight locations in China, Sweden,Germany, and northeast Poland to analyze population genetic diversity and structure, introgression, and local adaptation.展开更多
Global climate change has a significant effect on species,as environment conditions change,causing many species'distributions to shift.During the last three million years,the earth has experienced glacial oscillat...Global climate change has a significant effect on species,as environment conditions change,causing many species'distributions to shift.During the last three million years,the earth has experienced glacial oscillations,forcing some species to survive in ice-free refugia during glacial periods and then disperse postglacially.In this study,by assessing the potential distribution of Siberian Grouse(Falcipennis falcipennis),we used Global Circular Models and Representative Concentration Pathways to model their pattern of range changes during glacial oscillations and the potential impact of present global warming.We used 158 location records of Siberian Grouse to generate a full climate model using 19 bioclimate variables in MaxEnt.We discarded variables with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.8 and relatively lower modeling contributions between each pair of correlated variables.Using the remaining variables,we created a normally uncorrelated simple climate model to predict the possible distribution of Siberian Grouse from the most recent Ice Age to present and to 2070.Then we added geographical data and the human interference index to construct a multiple factor full model to evaluate which were important in explaining the distribution of Siberian Grouse.The Total Suitability Zone(P≥0.33)of Siberian Grouse is about 243,000km^(2) and the Maximum Suitability Zone(P≥0.66)is 36,000km^(2) and is confined to the Russian Far East.Potential habitat modeling suggested that annual precipitation,annual mean temperature,and the distance from lakes are the most explanatory variables for the current distribution of Siberian Grouse.The distribution center moved to the southeast during the Last Glacial Maximum and spread back to the northwest after the ice melted and temperatures rose.The total area range of Siberian Grouse experienced a dramatic loss during the Last Glacial Maximum.Global warming is presently forcing the Siberian Grouse to migrate northward with a contraction of its range.There is an urgent need to protect its habitat,because little of its Maximum Sustainable Zone is protected,although there are some large reserves in that area.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.31520103903 to Y.-H.Sun and J.Hoglund)the Biodiversity Conservation Project of the Second Forest and Grass Ecosystem Recovery(Grant No.QHTX-2021-016).
文摘Genetic load and inbreeding are recognized as important factors to be considered in conservation programs.Elevated levels of both can increase the risk of population extinction by negatively impacting fitness-related characters in many species of plants and animals,including humans(inbreeding depression).Genomic tech-niques are increasingly used in measuring and understanding genetic load and inbreeding and their importance in evolution and conservation.We used whole genome resequencing data from two sibling grouse species in subarctic Eurasia to quantify both.We found a large range of inbreeding measured as FROH(fraction of runs of homozygosity)in individuals from different populations of Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi)and Hazel Grouse(T.bonasia).FROH estimated from genome-wide runs of homozygosity(ROH)ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 among Chinese Grouse populations and from 0.01 to 0.44 in Hazel Grouse.Individuals from a population of Chinese Grouse residing in the Qilian mountains and from the European populations of Hazel Grouse(including samples from Sweden,Germany and Northeast Poland)were the most inbred(FROH ranged from 0.10 to 0.23 and 0.11 to 0.44,respectively).These levels are comparable to other highly inbred populations of birds.Hazel Grouse from northern China and Chinese Grouse residing in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau showed relatively lower inbreeding levels.Comparisons of the ratio between deleterious missense mutations and synonymous mutations revealed higher levels in Chinese Grouse as compared to Hazel Grouse.These results are possibly explained by higher fixation rates,mutational melt down,in the range-restricted Chinese Grouse compared to the wide-ranging Hazel Grouse.However,when we compared the relatively more severe class of loss-of-function muta-tions,Hazel Grouse had slightly higher levels than Chinese Grouse,a result which may indicate that purifying selection(purging)has been more efficient in Chinese Grouse on this class of mutations.
基金国家自然科学基金项目 (No .39870 135 )德国自然科学基金会+1 种基金中国科学院 (No .KZ95 1 A1 10 5 No .KZCX1 10 0 6 )资助&&
文摘New distribution areas of the Sichuan wood owl (Strix davidi) were recorded at Lianhuashan Natural Reserve (Kangle county),Zecha (Luqu county) and Kache (Zhuoni county) in Gansu,China.Now its distribution includes west Sichuan,southeastern Qinghai and southern Gansu.Combined with the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis),this distribution range corresponds to the distribution of the genera Bonasa (B.sewerzowi and B.bonasia) and Perisoreus (P.internigrans and P.infaustus).All are related to the endemic birds in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Based on our work during 1995～1999,we reported our field observations and preliminary habitat characters of the bird.The main habitat of Sichuan wood owl in Gansu was found in the conifer and conifer-deciduous mixing forest from 2 900 m to 3 300 m.At the Lianhuashan Natural Reserve,the birds were observed many times,with some breeding activities.The population of Sichuan wood owl at Lianhuashan Mountains was an isolated one,and the reserve only protected about 3 360 hm\+2.of its habitat.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31270468,30620130110)
文摘The Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) is a rare, endemic bird in China, inhabiting conifer-dominated mountain forests. Both the natural fragmentation and heavy cutting of mature forests have resulted in patchy grouse habitats. We used SPOT (XS-sensor) satellite imagery to discriminate between open land and conifer or broadleaf forests. The area analyzed is about 120000 ha in size and includes the Lianhuashan Nature Reserve and the Yeliguan Forestry Park. We identiifed 4111 ha of mature coniferous forests in 229 patches (maximum 332 ha, mean 18 ha) as the habitat used by Chinese Grouse throughout the year. We examined 31 forest islands of different sizes and degrees of isolation for the presence of Chinese Grouse. We used generalized linear models (GLM) with binomial error structure and logit link function to estimate the probability of Chinese Grouse occupancy in a forest fragment. Habitat patch size (hs) and distance to the next occupied fragment (doc) were used as predictor variables, important for occupancy. Small habitat islands were disproportionately less likely to be occupied than large, nearby habitats. There was a clear speciifc habitat size of about 40 ha, above which habitat fragments were occupied more often. Suitable habitat fragments isolated by more than 2 km appeared to be inaccessible to Chinese Grouse. The results have been used in reforestation projects to establish linking corridors in the study area.
基金supported by grants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31520103903,31172099)CAS Innovation Program and Deutsche Forschungs-emeinschaft and World Pheasant Association
文摘Background:Incubating birds must balance the conflict between thermal needs of the developing embryos and their self?maintenance needs for energy.The Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) lives in high mountain conifer forests and faces energy stress,cold environment,and predation pressure.Females might adjust incubation rhythm to adapt to these constraints. Methods:Two methods were used to investigate egg laying and incubation pattern of the Chinese Grouse;25 nests were monitored by data loggers and 12 nests by infrared video cameras. Results:Female Chinese Grouses usually laid an egg every 2 days.The incubation period was 28-31 days. Overall incubation constancy for Chinese Grouse was 93%. The females took 5.0 recesses per day and 34% of all 1696 recesses were taken in the crepuscular period. The average recess duration was 20.3 min. Females took more and shorter recesses in the latter part of incubation.The females who allocated more time to foraging had a higher reproductive success. Conclusions:Probably due to its high egg/body mass ratio,the Chinese Grouse has a long laying interval of 49 h. We suggest that,due to energy stress,females have relatively more recesses and they increase the number of recesses as incubation progresses.To compensate for the embryos'thermal needs, they extend the incubation period and shorten the recess duration in this cold environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31520103903)。
文摘The Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi) and Hazel Grouse(T. bonasia) are sibling species that are well-adapted to harsh high-altitude and latitude habitats. In the current study, we sampled and sequenced 29 Chinese Grouse(n=16) and Hazel Grouse(n=13) from eight locations in China, Sweden,Germany, and northeast Poland to analyze population genetic diversity and structure, introgression, and local adaptation.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NSFC-RFBR:32011530077 to YHS)
文摘Global climate change has a significant effect on species,as environment conditions change,causing many species'distributions to shift.During the last three million years,the earth has experienced glacial oscillations,forcing some species to survive in ice-free refugia during glacial periods and then disperse postglacially.In this study,by assessing the potential distribution of Siberian Grouse(Falcipennis falcipennis),we used Global Circular Models and Representative Concentration Pathways to model their pattern of range changes during glacial oscillations and the potential impact of present global warming.We used 158 location records of Siberian Grouse to generate a full climate model using 19 bioclimate variables in MaxEnt.We discarded variables with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.8 and relatively lower modeling contributions between each pair of correlated variables.Using the remaining variables,we created a normally uncorrelated simple climate model to predict the possible distribution of Siberian Grouse from the most recent Ice Age to present and to 2070.Then we added geographical data and the human interference index to construct a multiple factor full model to evaluate which were important in explaining the distribution of Siberian Grouse.The Total Suitability Zone(P≥0.33)of Siberian Grouse is about 243,000km^(2) and the Maximum Suitability Zone(P≥0.66)is 36,000km^(2) and is confined to the Russian Far East.Potential habitat modeling suggested that annual precipitation,annual mean temperature,and the distance from lakes are the most explanatory variables for the current distribution of Siberian Grouse.The distribution center moved to the southeast during the Last Glacial Maximum and spread back to the northwest after the ice melted and temperatures rose.The total area range of Siberian Grouse experienced a dramatic loss during the Last Glacial Maximum.Global warming is presently forcing the Siberian Grouse to migrate northward with a contraction of its range.There is an urgent need to protect its habitat,because little of its Maximum Sustainable Zone is protected,although there are some large reserves in that area.
