Introduction: In haemodialysis patients, the risk of acquiring blood-borne viral infections is an important cause of the dialysis’s process. Indeed, viral infections are quite common in chronic haemodialysis patients...Introduction: In haemodialysis patients, the risk of acquiring blood-borne viral infections is an important cause of the dialysis’s process. Indeed, viral infections are quite common in chronic haemodialysis patients including those due to viral hepatitis B and HIV. Objective: Determine the prevalence of HIV infection and hepatitis B infection among chronic hemodialysis patients of Togo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in chronic hemodialysis patients of Togo from January 1st to December 31st, 2016. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Antigen HBs was screened by a rapid immunochromatographic test (SD BIOLINE? HBsAg), and HIV antibodies were detected using a combination of 2 rapid diagnostic test, SD BIOLINE? HIV-1/2 (first step) and TRIDOT test (second step). Results: During the study period, 95 subjects were included. Patient’s age was ranking from 13 to 80 years with a mean of 46.6 years. The sex-ratio (M/F) was 1.8 and a duration average of dialysis was 51.7 months. The aetiologies of the chronic endstage kidney failure were related respectively to a vascular renal disease for 42.1% of the patients, glomerular nephropaty for 34.74%, interstitial nephropaty for 9.47% and hereditary for 3.16%. For 10.53% of the patients, the initial renal disease remained indefinite. Prevalence of antigen HBs and HIV antibodies were respectively 10.5% and 7.4%. The frequency of co-infection HBV and HIV was 1.1%. Conclusion: The rates of HBV infection and HIV infection remain high in chronic hemodialysis in Togo, somewhat which is linked to an endemic aspect of these two viruses in the country. The type of initial renal disease (glomerular) and the vascular way (the central catheters) established the risk factors for the HIV infection while for the infection of HVB no factor was incriminated.展开更多
Introduction: Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever is common in West Africa. Almost 300,000 persons are affected each year with 5000 deaths. The mice of the genus mastomys is the wild tank. Objective: The aim of our study is...Introduction: Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever is common in West Africa. Almost 300,000 persons are affected each year with 5000 deaths. The mice of the genus mastomys is the wild tank. Objective: The aim of our study is to describe clinic, therapeutic and evolution of the affected patients during February-March 2017 epidemic that occurred in the north of Togo. Methodology: Our study is a record review study from patients’ record, who were hospitalized from February, 1st to March, 31st 2017 at Mango hospital. Lassa diagnosis was performed by PCR. They patients have received Ribavirin and blood transfusion when necessary. Results: We have reported 5 clinical observations of Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever. Patients came from Benin (03 cases), from Burkina-Faso (1 case), from Togo (1 case) and were 25, 34, 60, 52 years old and a premature baby of 13 days. External hemorrhage and abdominal pains were the main symptoms. Fever was observed for all the cases. Complications were marked by hemorrhages and shocks. Only 3 patients had benefitted of Antiviral therapy with Ribavirin. The other 2 patients did not benefit from the treatment because the diagnosis of Lassa fever was done the day they dead before the treatment started. Lethality was 80% (4 cases) with a highly secured burial. Effective management of contacts was done. Conclusion: Diagnostic and therapeutic delays of patients are responsible of the bad prognosis of the disease.展开更多
Background: Staphylococcal infections are managed by hygiene measures and usage of antibiotics. The first-line treatment refers to beta-lactamins. However, the emergence of beta-lactamin resistant staphylococcal strai...Background: Staphylococcal infections are managed by hygiene measures and usage of antibiotics. The first-line treatment refers to beta-lactamins. However, the emergence of beta-lactamin resistant staphylococcal strains has been reported, as demonstrated by a study conducted in Lomé University Teaching Hospital, Bacteriology Laboratory (2001) on 742 Staphylococcus aureus strains which revealed 67.00% of them where methicillin resistant. In this setting of emergent methicillin-resistant strains, the second-line treatments are prescribed by clinicians without antibiograms. Fluoroquinolones are the first preference molecules used for second-line treatment because of their efficacy and affordability. We want to contribute to setting monitoring and alert-making tools for drug prescribers. Thus we conducted this study, aiming to determine the frequency of S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains isolation in different types of biologic samples, and to investigate the link between methicillin resistance and ciprofloxacin resistance. Methods: We conducted this study from January 2006 through Jun 2010. The Microbiology Laboratory Service collected and analyzed samples for diagnostic purpose from inpatients and outpatients consulted in the hospital. We collected and analyzed de-identified data on these patients to form laboratory records. Bacteriological analyses in which ciprofloxacin have not been tested were excluded. Results: Over the 1108 staphylococal strains isolated from various biological samples processed, 751 were Staphylococcus aureus and 357 were coagulase-negative staphylococci. The strains sensitivity profile is for all isolates. The majority of germs were S. aureus and 20% of them were ciprofloxacin-resistant. The probability of a patient who has an infection caused by S. aureus increases his stay in high-risk settings such as intensive care unit, surgical intervention, extended hospitalization, use of a catheter. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics increases the risk of multidrug-resistant strains. Conclusion: This study highlights the recurring issue of over consumption of antibiotics in nowadays medical treatments. There is a need to raise awareness about the rational use of antibiotics in general and fluoroquinolones particularly.展开更多
Background: In Togo, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is characterized by the circulation of the 2 subtypes of HIV. Thus, patients infected with HIV-2 are diagnosed and monitored in the care centers. Objective: To document the t...Background: In Togo, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is characterized by the circulation of the 2 subtypes of HIV. Thus, patients infected with HIV-2 are diagnosed and monitored in the care centers. Objective: To document the trend of HIV-2 prevalence over a decade of activities of the National Reference Center for HIV tests and screening (CNR-VIH). Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out from the screening data archived from January 2005 to December 2014 at the CNR-VIH, a laboratory located in the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital (CHU SO) Lome. The sampling consisted of adults and children outpatients or those who were hospitalized in CHU SO, subjects presenting for voluntary testing, pregnant women and patients or samples referred for HIV confirmation. All samples were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections by combining ELISA and rapid diagnostic tests. Result: During the decade, 34,077 subjects were screened for HIV infection. The overall prevalence of HIV infection was 20.70% (7055/34077). In 10 years, the prevalence of HIV infection in CNR-VIH decreased significantly from 35.40% CI95% [34.50% - 36.20%] in 2005 to 14.20% CI95% [13.60% - 14.70%] in 2014 (p = 0.03). The prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual HIV1&HIV-2 was respectively 20.40%, 0.23% and 0.07%, with annual prevalence of HIV-2 between 0.07% and 0.39%. The differences between the HIV-2 prevalence over the decade were not statistically significant (p > 0.15). A 4-year-old child from mother-to-child HIV-2 transmission was diagnosed. Sixty-five percent of adult patients were over 40 years of age with an average age of 43.5 ± 11.3 years. Conclusion: Data from the National Reference Center for HIV Tests in Togo over the last ten years confirm the existence of a weak epidemic of HIV- 2 infection with a tendency towards stability.展开更多
According to WHO, the rates of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary pulmonary tuberculosis are increasing in high prevalence HIV epidemic areas. Delays in diagnosis of tuberculosis can lead to large excess of mortality....According to WHO, the rates of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary pulmonary tuberculosis are increasing in high prevalence HIV epidemic areas. Delays in diagnosis of tuberculosis can lead to large excess of mortality. It is extremely important to provide a strong diagnosis tool of tuberculosis if we want to reduce mortality due particularly to TB co-infection in HIV infected people in low-income countries such as Togo. This study aims to assess the performance of Determine? TB LAM Antigen, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for tuberculosis. It was an evaluation study, conducted at the National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria located at the Sylvanus Olympio University Teaching Hospital in Lomé, Togo from 01 July to 15 November 2017. We performed the assessment onto 100 urine specimens collected from 100 subjects (HIV-infected or not). The test allows qualitative detection of the Lipo Arabinno Mannan (LAM) antigen of Mycobacteria in the urine. Bacilloscopy was chosen as gold standard. Overall, the test Determine? TB LAM presented a sensitivity of 31.25% and a specificity of 95%. In contrast, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were respectively 82.35% and 66.67% in the group of HIV-infected subjects. In HIV non-infected subjects, the sensitivity was 17.46% and the specificity was 100%. Determine? TB LAM Antigen test can help detect TB in HIV-infected people unable to expectorate in our settings.展开更多
文摘Introduction: In haemodialysis patients, the risk of acquiring blood-borne viral infections is an important cause of the dialysis’s process. Indeed, viral infections are quite common in chronic haemodialysis patients including those due to viral hepatitis B and HIV. Objective: Determine the prevalence of HIV infection and hepatitis B infection among chronic hemodialysis patients of Togo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in chronic hemodialysis patients of Togo from January 1st to December 31st, 2016. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Antigen HBs was screened by a rapid immunochromatographic test (SD BIOLINE? HBsAg), and HIV antibodies were detected using a combination of 2 rapid diagnostic test, SD BIOLINE? HIV-1/2 (first step) and TRIDOT test (second step). Results: During the study period, 95 subjects were included. Patient’s age was ranking from 13 to 80 years with a mean of 46.6 years. The sex-ratio (M/F) was 1.8 and a duration average of dialysis was 51.7 months. The aetiologies of the chronic endstage kidney failure were related respectively to a vascular renal disease for 42.1% of the patients, glomerular nephropaty for 34.74%, interstitial nephropaty for 9.47% and hereditary for 3.16%. For 10.53% of the patients, the initial renal disease remained indefinite. Prevalence of antigen HBs and HIV antibodies were respectively 10.5% and 7.4%. The frequency of co-infection HBV and HIV was 1.1%. Conclusion: The rates of HBV infection and HIV infection remain high in chronic hemodialysis in Togo, somewhat which is linked to an endemic aspect of these two viruses in the country. The type of initial renal disease (glomerular) and the vascular way (the central catheters) established the risk factors for the HIV infection while for the infection of HVB no factor was incriminated.
文摘Introduction: Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever is common in West Africa. Almost 300,000 persons are affected each year with 5000 deaths. The mice of the genus mastomys is the wild tank. Objective: The aim of our study is to describe clinic, therapeutic and evolution of the affected patients during February-March 2017 epidemic that occurred in the north of Togo. Methodology: Our study is a record review study from patients’ record, who were hospitalized from February, 1st to March, 31st 2017 at Mango hospital. Lassa diagnosis was performed by PCR. They patients have received Ribavirin and blood transfusion when necessary. Results: We have reported 5 clinical observations of Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever. Patients came from Benin (03 cases), from Burkina-Faso (1 case), from Togo (1 case) and were 25, 34, 60, 52 years old and a premature baby of 13 days. External hemorrhage and abdominal pains were the main symptoms. Fever was observed for all the cases. Complications were marked by hemorrhages and shocks. Only 3 patients had benefitted of Antiviral therapy with Ribavirin. The other 2 patients did not benefit from the treatment because the diagnosis of Lassa fever was done the day they dead before the treatment started. Lethality was 80% (4 cases) with a highly secured burial. Effective management of contacts was done. Conclusion: Diagnostic and therapeutic delays of patients are responsible of the bad prognosis of the disease.
文摘Background: Staphylococcal infections are managed by hygiene measures and usage of antibiotics. The first-line treatment refers to beta-lactamins. However, the emergence of beta-lactamin resistant staphylococcal strains has been reported, as demonstrated by a study conducted in Lomé University Teaching Hospital, Bacteriology Laboratory (2001) on 742 Staphylococcus aureus strains which revealed 67.00% of them where methicillin resistant. In this setting of emergent methicillin-resistant strains, the second-line treatments are prescribed by clinicians without antibiograms. Fluoroquinolones are the first preference molecules used for second-line treatment because of their efficacy and affordability. We want to contribute to setting monitoring and alert-making tools for drug prescribers. Thus we conducted this study, aiming to determine the frequency of S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains isolation in different types of biologic samples, and to investigate the link between methicillin resistance and ciprofloxacin resistance. Methods: We conducted this study from January 2006 through Jun 2010. The Microbiology Laboratory Service collected and analyzed samples for diagnostic purpose from inpatients and outpatients consulted in the hospital. We collected and analyzed de-identified data on these patients to form laboratory records. Bacteriological analyses in which ciprofloxacin have not been tested were excluded. Results: Over the 1108 staphylococal strains isolated from various biological samples processed, 751 were Staphylococcus aureus and 357 were coagulase-negative staphylococci. The strains sensitivity profile is for all isolates. The majority of germs were S. aureus and 20% of them were ciprofloxacin-resistant. The probability of a patient who has an infection caused by S. aureus increases his stay in high-risk settings such as intensive care unit, surgical intervention, extended hospitalization, use of a catheter. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics increases the risk of multidrug-resistant strains. Conclusion: This study highlights the recurring issue of over consumption of antibiotics in nowadays medical treatments. There is a need to raise awareness about the rational use of antibiotics in general and fluoroquinolones particularly.
文摘Background: In Togo, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is characterized by the circulation of the 2 subtypes of HIV. Thus, patients infected with HIV-2 are diagnosed and monitored in the care centers. Objective: To document the trend of HIV-2 prevalence over a decade of activities of the National Reference Center for HIV tests and screening (CNR-VIH). Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out from the screening data archived from January 2005 to December 2014 at the CNR-VIH, a laboratory located in the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital (CHU SO) Lome. The sampling consisted of adults and children outpatients or those who were hospitalized in CHU SO, subjects presenting for voluntary testing, pregnant women and patients or samples referred for HIV confirmation. All samples were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections by combining ELISA and rapid diagnostic tests. Result: During the decade, 34,077 subjects were screened for HIV infection. The overall prevalence of HIV infection was 20.70% (7055/34077). In 10 years, the prevalence of HIV infection in CNR-VIH decreased significantly from 35.40% CI95% [34.50% - 36.20%] in 2005 to 14.20% CI95% [13.60% - 14.70%] in 2014 (p = 0.03). The prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual HIV1&HIV-2 was respectively 20.40%, 0.23% and 0.07%, with annual prevalence of HIV-2 between 0.07% and 0.39%. The differences between the HIV-2 prevalence over the decade were not statistically significant (p > 0.15). A 4-year-old child from mother-to-child HIV-2 transmission was diagnosed. Sixty-five percent of adult patients were over 40 years of age with an average age of 43.5 ± 11.3 years. Conclusion: Data from the National Reference Center for HIV Tests in Togo over the last ten years confirm the existence of a weak epidemic of HIV- 2 infection with a tendency towards stability.
文摘According to WHO, the rates of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary pulmonary tuberculosis are increasing in high prevalence HIV epidemic areas. Delays in diagnosis of tuberculosis can lead to large excess of mortality. It is extremely important to provide a strong diagnosis tool of tuberculosis if we want to reduce mortality due particularly to TB co-infection in HIV infected people in low-income countries such as Togo. This study aims to assess the performance of Determine? TB LAM Antigen, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for tuberculosis. It was an evaluation study, conducted at the National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria located at the Sylvanus Olympio University Teaching Hospital in Lomé, Togo from 01 July to 15 November 2017. We performed the assessment onto 100 urine specimens collected from 100 subjects (HIV-infected or not). The test allows qualitative detection of the Lipo Arabinno Mannan (LAM) antigen of Mycobacteria in the urine. Bacilloscopy was chosen as gold standard. Overall, the test Determine? TB LAM presented a sensitivity of 31.25% and a specificity of 95%. In contrast, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were respectively 82.35% and 66.67% in the group of HIV-infected subjects. In HIV non-infected subjects, the sensitivity was 17.46% and the specificity was 100%. Determine? TB LAM Antigen test can help detect TB in HIV-infected people unable to expectorate in our settings.
