To review studies on hypertension in Nigeria over the past five decades in terms of prevalence,awareness and treatment and complications.Following our search on Pubmed,African Journals Online and the World Health Orga...To review studies on hypertension in Nigeria over the past five decades in terms of prevalence,awareness and treatment and complications.Following our search on Pubmed,African Journals Online and the World Health Organization Global cardiovascular infobase,1060 related references were identified out of which 43 were found to be relevant for this review.The overall prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria ranges from 8%-46.4% depending on the study target population,type of measurement and cut-off value used for defining hypertension.The prevalence is similar in men and women(7.9%-50.2% vs 3.5%-68.8%,respectively) and in the urban(8.1%-42.0%) and rural setting(13.5%-46.4%).The pooled prevalence increased from 8.6% from the only study during the period from 1970-1979 to 22.5%(2000-2011).Awareness,treatment and control of hypertension were generally low with attendant high burden of hypertension related complications.In order to improve outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Africans,public health education to improve awareness of hypertension is required.Further epidemiological studies on hypertension are required to adequately understand and characterize the impact of hypertension in society.展开更多
Despite the many submarine telecommunications and power cables laid world-wide there are fewer than ten published studies of their environmental effects in the refereed literature.This paper describes an investigation...Despite the many submarine telecommunications and power cables laid world-wide there are fewer than ten published studies of their environmental effects in the refereed literature.This paper describes an investigation into the effects of laying and operating the Basslink High Voltage Direct Current(HVDC)cable and its associated metallic return cable across Bass Strait in South East Australia.Over more than 95%of its length the cable was directly laid into a wet jetted trench given the predominantly soft sediments encountered.Underwater remote video investigations found that within two years all visible evidence of the cable and trench was gone at over a third of the transects at six deep water sites(32-72 m deep).At other deep water transects the residual trench trapped drift material providing habitat for the generally sparsely distributed benthic community.Diver surveys at both of the near shore sites(<15 m deep)on the northern side of the Strait also found the cable route was undetectable after a year.On the southern side,where the cable traversed hard basalt rock near shore,it was encased in a protective cast iron half shell.Ecological studies by divers over 3.5 years demonstrated the colonization of the hard shell by similar species occupying hard substrates elsewhere on the basalt reef.Magnetic field strengths associated with the operating cable were found to be within 0.8%of those predicted from theory with strength dropping rapidly with distance from the cable.Beyond 20 m the field was indistinguishable from background.展开更多
文摘To review studies on hypertension in Nigeria over the past five decades in terms of prevalence,awareness and treatment and complications.Following our search on Pubmed,African Journals Online and the World Health Organization Global cardiovascular infobase,1060 related references were identified out of which 43 were found to be relevant for this review.The overall prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria ranges from 8%-46.4% depending on the study target population,type of measurement and cut-off value used for defining hypertension.The prevalence is similar in men and women(7.9%-50.2% vs 3.5%-68.8%,respectively) and in the urban(8.1%-42.0%) and rural setting(13.5%-46.4%).The pooled prevalence increased from 8.6% from the only study during the period from 1970-1979 to 22.5%(2000-2011).Awareness,treatment and control of hypertension were generally low with attendant high burden of hypertension related complications.In order to improve outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Africans,public health education to improve awareness of hypertension is required.Further epidemiological studies on hypertension are required to adequately understand and characterize the impact of hypertension in society.
文摘Despite the many submarine telecommunications and power cables laid world-wide there are fewer than ten published studies of their environmental effects in the refereed literature.This paper describes an investigation into the effects of laying and operating the Basslink High Voltage Direct Current(HVDC)cable and its associated metallic return cable across Bass Strait in South East Australia.Over more than 95%of its length the cable was directly laid into a wet jetted trench given the predominantly soft sediments encountered.Underwater remote video investigations found that within two years all visible evidence of the cable and trench was gone at over a third of the transects at six deep water sites(32-72 m deep).At other deep water transects the residual trench trapped drift material providing habitat for the generally sparsely distributed benthic community.Diver surveys at both of the near shore sites(<15 m deep)on the northern side of the Strait also found the cable route was undetectable after a year.On the southern side,where the cable traversed hard basalt rock near shore,it was encased in a protective cast iron half shell.Ecological studies by divers over 3.5 years demonstrated the colonization of the hard shell by similar species occupying hard substrates elsewhere on the basalt reef.Magnetic field strengths associated with the operating cable were found to be within 0.8%of those predicted from theory with strength dropping rapidly with distance from the cable.Beyond 20 m the field was indistinguishable from background.
