A review of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on species richness in southwest China

Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bambusicolous ascomycetes refer to ascomycetous fungi living on any substrate of bamboo.As the largest group of fungi on bamboo,they play a significant ecological value in species composition and the structure of the fungal community,circulation of materials and energy flow of nutritional elements.In an effort to document the bambusicolous Ascomycota found in China,we assessed all major sources of academic literature,journal papers,and the USDA database(https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm)for reports of these fungi from China.As a result,we produced a systematic and comprehensive checklist of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China.Current names of fungi,bamboo host name,bamboo substrate,details of collected localities,references and latest classification for every bambusicolous ascomycete in China are also provided.In addition,we focused on the species richness of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on southwest China.

Taxonomy,phylogeny and evolution of freshwater Hypocreomycetidae(Sordariomycetes)

Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic,endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic andterrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collectionsfrom China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to twoorders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae,Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species are introduced and 13 new habitats and geographic records arereported. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitatsin China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsisis transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis;Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae;Sedecimiella isplaced in Nectriaceae;Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascalesgenera incertae sedis;and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as asynonym of Atractium. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora,Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae andCornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters.Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marineand terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors.The results further support those early diverging clades of this subclass, mostly comprising terrestrial taxa and freshwaterand marine taxa have been secondarily derived, while the crown clade (Nectriaceae) is represented in all three habitats. Theevolution of various morphological adaptations towards their habitual changes are also discussed.

Fungal diversity notes 1611-1716: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on fungal genera and species emphasis in south China

This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are treated.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family,five new genera,61 new species,five new combinations,one synonym,one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions.Ageratinicolaceae fam.nov.is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales.The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola,Kevinia,Pseudomultiseptospora(Parabambusicolaceae),Marasmiellomycena,and Vizzinia(Porotheleaceae).Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus,Ageratinicola kunmingensis,Allocryptovalsa aceris,Allophoma yuccae,Apiospora cannae,A.elliptica,A.pallidesporae,Boeremia wisteriae,Calycina papaeana,Clypeo-coccum lichenostigmoides,Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii,Cryphonectria kunmingensis,Diaporthe angustiapiculata,D.campylandrae,D.longipapillata,Diatrypella guangdongense,Dothiorella franceschinii,Endocalyx phoenicis,Epicoc-cum terminosporum,Fulvifomes karaiensis,F.pannaensis,Ganoderma ghatensis,Hysterobrevium baoshanense,Inocybe avellaneorosea,I.lucida,Jahnula oblonga,Kevinia lignicola,Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis,Laboulbenia caprina,L.clavulata,L.cobiae,L.cosmodisci,L.nilotica,L.omalii,L.robusta,L.similis,L.stigmatophora,Laccaria rubriporus,Lasiodiplodia morindae,Lyophyllum agnijum,Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis,Melomastia beihaiensis,Nemania guangdongensis,Nigrograna thailandica,Nigrospora ficuum,Oxydothis chinensis,O.yunnanensis,Petriella thailandica,Phaeoacremonium chinensis,Phialocephala chinensis,Phytophthora debattistii,Polyplosphaeria nigrospora,Pronectria loweniae,Seriascoma acutispora,Setoseptoria bambusae,Stictis anomianthi,Tarzetta tibetensis,Tarzetta urceolata,Tetraploa obpyriformis,Trichoglossum beninense,and Tricoderma pyrrosiae.We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var.brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.

Families of Sordariomycetes

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprobes,epiphytes,coprophilous and fungicolous,lichenized or lichenicolous taxa.They occur in terrestrial,freshwater and marine habitats worldwide.This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci,with a maximum five representative taxa from each family,where available.This paper brings together for the first time,since Barrs’1990 Prodromus,descriptions,notes on the history,and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family,a list of accepted genera,including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes.Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data.The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses,32 orders,105 families and 1331 genera.The family Obryzaceae and Pleurotremataceae are excluded from the class.

The amazing potential of fungi:50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially

Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.

Fungal diversity notes 367-490:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined,described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and provide updates on their classification.In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections,DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets(rDNA,TEF-a,RBP2 and b-Tubulin)to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic position of taxa within appropriate ranks.Wherever new species or combinations are being proposed,we apply an integrative approach(morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable).Notes on 125 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including eight new genera,101 new species,two new combinations,one neotype,four reference specimens,new host or distribution records for eight species and one alternative morphs.The new genera introduced in this paper are Alloarthopyrenia,Arundellina,Camarosporioides,Neomassaria,Neomassarina,Neotruncatella,Paracapsulospora and Pseudophaeosphaeria.The new species are Alfaria spartii,Alloarthopyrenia italica,Anthostomella ravenna,An.thailandica,Arthrinium paraphaeospermum,Arundellina typhae,Aspergillus koreanus,Asterina cynometrae,Bertiella ellipsoidea,Blastophorum aquaticum,Cainia globosa,Camarosporioides phragmitis,Ceramothyrium menglunense,Chaetosphaeronema achilleae,Chlamydotubeufia helicospora,Ciliochorella phanericola,Clavulinopsis aurantiaca,Colletotrichum insertae,Comoclathris italica,Coronophora myricoides,Cortinarius fulvescentoideus,Co.nymphatus,Co.pseudobulliardioides,Co.tenuifulvescens,Cunninghamella gigacellularis,Cyathus pyristriatus,Cytospora cotini,Dematiopleospora alliariae,De.cirsii,Diaporthe aseana,Di.garethjonesii,Distoseptispora multiseptata,Dis.tectonae,Dis.tectonigena,Dothiora buxi,Emericellopsis persica,Gloniopsis calami,Helicoma guttulatum,Helvella floriforma,H.oblongispora,Hermatomyces subiculosa,Juncaceicola italica,Lactarius dirkii,Lentithecium unicellulare,Le.voraginesporum,Leptosphaeria cirsii,Leptosphaeria irregularis,Leptospora galii,Le.thailandica,Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis,Lophiotrema bambusae,Lo.fallopiae,Meliola citri-maximae,Minimelanolocus submersus,Montagnula cirsii,Mortierella fluviae,Muriphaeosphaeria ambrosiae,Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi,Neomassaria fabacearum,Neomassarina thailandica,Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisi,Neo.cytisinus,Neo.minima,Neopestalotiopsis cocoe¨s,Neopestalotiopsis musae,Neoroussoella lenispora,Neotorula submersa,Neotruncatella endophytica,Nodulosphaeria italica,Occultibambusa aquatica,Oc.chiangraiensis,Ophiocordyceps hemisphaerica,Op.lacrimoidis,Paracapsulospora metroxyli,Pestalotiopsis sequoiae,Peziza fruticosa,Pleurotrema thailandica,Poaceicola arundinis,Polyporus mangshanensis,Pseudocoleophoma typhicola,Pseudodictyosporium thailandica,Pseudophaeosphaeria rubi,Purpureocillium sodanum,Ramariopsis atlantica,Rhodocybe griseoaurantia,Rh.indica,Rh.luteobrunnea,Russula indoalba,Ru.pseudoamoenicolor,Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum,Sp.olivaceoconidium,Sp.pyriformatum,Stagonospora forlicesenensis,Stagonosporopsis centaureae,Terriera thailandica,Tremateia arundicola,Tr.guiyangensis,Trichomerium bambusae,Tubeufia hyalospora,Tu.roseohelicospora and Wojnowicia italica.New combinations are given for Hermatomyces mirum and Pallidocercospora thailandica.A neotype is proposed for Cortinarius fulvescens.Reference specimens are given for Aquaphila albicans,Leptospora rubella,Platychora ulmi and Meliola pseudosasae,while new host or distribution records are provided for Diaporthe eres,Di.siamensis,Di.foeniculina,Dothiorella iranica,Do.sarmentorum,Do.vidmadera,Helvella tinta and Vaginatispora fuckelii,with full taxonomic details.An asexual state is also reported for the first time in Neoacanthostigma septoconstrictum.This paper contributes to a more comprehensive update and improved identification of many ascomycetes and basiodiomycetes.

Fungal diversity notes 253-366:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

Notes on 113 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including 11 new genera,89 new species,one new subspecies,three new combinations and seven reference specimens.Awide geographic and taxonomic range of fungal taxa are detailed.In the Ascomycota the new genera Angustospora(Testudinaceae),Camporesia(Xylariaceae),Clematidis,Crassiparies(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),Farasanispora,Longiostiolum(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),Multilocularia(Parabambusicolaceae),Neophaeocryptopus(Dothideaceae),Parameliola(Pleosporales genera incertae sedis),and Towyspora(Lentitheciaceae)are introduced.Newly introduced species are Angustospora nilensis,Aniptodera aquibella,Annulohypoxylon albidiscum,Astrocystis thailandica,Camporesia sambuci,Clematidis italica,Colletotrichum menispermi,C.quinquefoliae,Comoclathris pimpinellae,Crassiparies quadrisporus,Cytospora salicicola,Diatrype thailandica,Dothiorella rhamni,Durotheca macrostroma,Farasanispora avicenniae,Halorosellinia rhizophorae,Humicola koreana,Hypoxylon lilloi,Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae,Lindgomyces okinawaensis,Longiostiolum tectonae,Lophiostoma pseudoarmatisporum,Moelleriella phukhiaoensis,M.pongdueatensis,Mucoharknessia anthoxanthi,Multilocularia bambusae,Multiseptospora thysanolaenae,Neophaeocryptopus cytisi,Ocellularia arachchigei,O.ratnapurensis,Ochronectria thailandica,Ophiocordyceps karstii,Parameliola acaciae,P.dimocarpi,Parastagonospora cumpignensis,Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei,Polyplosphaeria thailandica,Pseudolachnella brevifusiformis,Psiloglonium macrosporum,Rhabdodiscus albodenticulatus,Rosellinia chiangmaiensis,Saccothecium rubi,Seimatosporium pseudocornii,S.pseudorosae,Sigarispora ononidis and Towyspora aestuari.New combinations are provided for Eutiarosporella dactylidis(sexual morph described and illus trated)and Pseudocamarosporium pini.Descriptions,illustrations and/or reference specimens are designated for Aposphaeria corallinolutea,Cryptovalsa ampelina,Dothiorella vidmadera,Ophiocordyceps formosana,Petrakia echinata,Phragmoporthe conformis and Pseudocamarosporium pini.The new species of Basidiomycota are Agaricus coccyginus,A.luteofibrillosus,Amanita atrobrunnea,A.digitosa,A.gleocystidiosa,A.pyriformis,A.strobilipes,Bondarzewia tibetica,Cortinarius albosericeus,C.badioflavidus,C.dentigratus,C.duboisensis,C.fragrantissimus,C.roseobasilis,C.vinaceobrunneus,C.vinaceogrisescens,C.wahkiacus,Cyanoboletus hymenoglutinosus,Fomitiporia atlantica,F.subtilissima,Ganoderma wuzhishanensis,Inonotus shoreicola,Lactifluus armeniacus,L.ramipilosus,Leccinum indoaurantiacum,Musumecia alpina,M.sardoa,Russula amethystina subp.tengii and R.wangii are introduced.Descriptions,illustrations,notes and/or reference specimens are designated for Clarkeinda trachodes,Dentocorticium ussuricum,Galzinia longibasidia,Lentinus stuppeus and Leptocorticium tenellum.The other new genera,species new combinations are Anaeromyces robustus,Neocallimastix californiae and Piromyces finnis from Neocallimastigomycota,Phytophthora estuarina,P.rhizophorae,Salispina,S.intermedia,S.lobata and S.spinosa from Oomycota,and Absidia stercoraria,Gongronella orasabula,Mortierella calciphila,Mucor caatinguensis,M.koreanus,M.merdicola and Rhizopus koreanus in Zygomycota.

A molecular phylogenetic reappraisal of the Didymosphaeriaceae(=Montagnulaceae)

The ascomycetous families,Didymosphaeriaceae and Montagnulaceae,have been treated in Pleosporales,Dothideomycetes,and both include saprobes,endophytes and pathogens associated with a wide variety of substrates worldwide.Didymosphaeriaceae was characterized by 1-septate ascospores and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses,mainly anastomosing above the asci,while species in Montagnulaceae had 1 to multi-septate ascospores and generally cellular pseudoparaphyses.In recent treatments,Bimuria,Didymocrea,Kalmusia,Karstenula,Montagnula,Paraphaeosphaeria,Paraconiothyrium and Letendraea were placed in Montagnulaceae,while only Didymosphaeria has been placed in Didymosphaeriaceae.New morphological and molecular data from recent collections have become available and thus the understanding of the families can be improved.Based on analyses of concatenated internal transcribed spacer(ITS)with LSU,SSU andβ-tubulin gene sequences,the taxonomy of the genera classified in these families are reassessed.Our phylogenetic analyses conclude that,the recently introduced Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii with Paraconiothyrium brasi liense species complex,Alloconiothyrium,Bimuria,Deniquelata,Didymocrea,Kalmusia,Karstenula,Letendraea,Montagnula,Neokalmusia,Paraconiothyrium,Paraphaeosphaeria,Phaeodothis and Tremateia,forms a robust clade named here Didymosphaeriaceae.We therefore synonymize Montagnulaceae under Didymosphaeriaceae which is the oldest name and has priority and provide a update account of the family.Didymosphaeria is represented by Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii.A new genus,Neokalmusia,is introduced in the family to accommodate the bambusi colous taxa Kalmusia brevispora and K.scabrispora.This introduction is based on molecular data coupled with morphology.One new species,Paraconiothyrium magnoliae and the sexual morph of Paraconiothyrium fuckelii,is also introduced.Julella and Barria are assigned to the family based on morphological similarity with Didymosphaeriaceae.Wilmia(previously referred to the Phaeosphaeriaceae)is synonymized under Letendraea(Didymosphaeriaceae).Furthermore,a new species,Letendraea cordylinicola,is introduced and placed in Didymosphaeriaceae based on phylogeny and morphology.The paraphyletic nature of Paraconiothyrium is partially resolved,but further sampling with fresh collections and molecular data of species in this genus are needed to obtain a natural classification.

Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprobes,epiphytes,and fungicolous,lichenized or lichenicolous taxa.The class includes freshwater,marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution.This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class.Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses;Diaporthomycetidae,Lulworthiomycetidae and Meliolomycetidae and five orders;Amplistromatales,Annulatascales,Falcocladiales,Jobellisiales and Togniniales.The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper.Notes for 397 taxa with information,such as new family and genera novelties,novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009,and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies,are provided.The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses,28 orders,90 families and 1344 genera.In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetesis also provided.

The ranking of fungi:a tribute to David L.Hawksworth on his 70th birthday

The history of assigning ranks to fungi,as well as the relative importance of using divergence time estimates is reviewed.The paper pays tribute to the major mycological players,and especially to David Hawksworth on his 70th birthday and his contribution to fungal ranking in Systema Ascomycetum from 1982 to 1998.Following the conclusion of the latter series,the ranking continued with the Outlines of Ascomycota in 2007 and 2010 and more recently with specific classes in‘Towards an outline of Sordariomycetes’and‘Families of Dothideomycetes’.Earlier classifications based on phenotype were certainly more subjective;however,remarkably many of these old arrangements have stood the test of time.More recently,phylogenetic analyses have provided evidence towards a natural classification,resulting in significant changes in many lineages.The classification arrangements however,are still subjective and dependent on the taxa analysed,resulting in different taxonomic interpretations and schemes,particularly when it comes to ranking.Thus,what have been considered as genera by some,have been introduced as families by others.More recently,estimation of divergence times using molecular clock methods have been used as objective evidence for higher ranking of taxa.A divergence period(i.e.200–300 MYA)can be used as a criterion to infer when a group of related taxa evolved and what rank they should be given.We compiled data on divergence times for various higher ranking taxa in the Kingdom Fungi.The kingdom evolved 1000–1600 MYA(Stenian–Calymmian),while the presently accepted phyla evolved between 358 and 541 MYA(Devonian–Cambrian).Divergence times for subphyla are generally between 358 and 485 MYA(Devonian–Ordovician),those of classes 145–358 MYA(Jurassic–Carboniferous),subclasses 66–358 MYA(Cretaceous–Carboniferous),orders 23–252 MYA(Paleogene–Triassic),families 2.8–145 MYA(Neogene–Cretaceous),and genera 2.8–66 MYA(Neogene–Paleogene).Thus,there are wide discrepancies in the times different taxa diverged.We provide an overview over Ascomycota,showing how application of temporal banding could affect the recognition of higher taxa at certain rank levels.We then use Sordariomycetes as an example where we use divergence times to provide additional evidence to stabilize ranking of taxa below class level.We propose a series of evolutionary periods that could be used as a guide to determine the various higher ranks of fungi:phyla[550 MYA,subphyla 400–550 MYA;classes 300–400 MYA;subclasses 250–300 MYA,orders 150–250 MYA,and families 50–150 MYA.It is proposed that classification schemes and ranking of taxa should,where possible,incorporate a polyphasic approach including phylogeny,phenotype,and estimate of divergence times.

An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence

The previous phylogenies of Sordariomycetes by M.E.Barr,O.E.Eriksson and D.L.Hawksworth,and T.Lumbsch and S.Huhndorf,were mainly based on morphology and thus were somewhat subjective.Later outlines by T.Lumbsch and S.Huhndorf,and Maharachchikumbura and co-authors,took into account phylogenetic evidence.However,even these phylogenetic driven arrangements for Sordariomycetes,were somewhat subjective,as the arrangements in trees depended on many variables,such as number of taxa,different gene regions and methods used in the analyses.What is needed is extra evidence to help standardize ranking in the fungi.Estimation of divergence times using molecular clock methods has been proposed for providing additional rational for higher ranking of taxa.Thus,in Sordariomycetes,a divergence period(i.e.200–300 MYA)can be used as criteria to judge when a group of related taxa evolved and what rank they should be given.In this paper,we provide an updated classification of accepted subclasses,orders of Sordariomycetes and use divergence times to provide additional evidence to stabilize ranking of taxa in the class.We point out and discuss discrepancies where the phylogenetic tree conflicts with the molecular clock.

Fungal diversity notes 1–110:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species

This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa,including one new family,10 new genera,and 76 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new family,Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology.The family is sister to Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae.The new genera are Allophaeosphaeria(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Amphibambusa(Amphisphaeriaceae),Brunneomycosphaerella(Capnodiales genera incertae cedis),Chaetocapnodium(Capnodiaceae),Flammeascoma(Anteagloniaceae),Multiseptospora(Pleosporales genera incertae cedis),Neogaeumannomyces(Magnaporthaceae),Palmiascoma(Bambusicolaceae),Paralecia(Squamarinaceae)and Sarimanas(Melanommataceae).The newly described species are the Ascomycota Aliquandostipite manochii,Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis,A.muriformia,Alternaria cesenica,Amphibambusa bambusicola,Amphisphaeria sorbi,Annulohypoxylon thailandicum,Atrotorquata spartii,Brunneomycosphaerella laburni,Byssosphaeria musae,Camarosporium aborescentis,C.aureum,C.frutexensis,Chaetocapnodium siamensis,Chaetothyrium agathis,Colletotrichum sedi,Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis,Cytospora berberidis,C.sibiraeae,Diaporthe thunbergiicola,Diatrype palmicola,Dictyosporium aquaticum,D.meiosporum,D.thailandicum,Didymella cirsii,Dinemasporium nelloi,Flammeascoma bambusae,Kalmusia italica,K.spartii,Keissleriella sparticola,Lauriomyces synnematicus,Leptosphaeria ebuli,Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium,L.ravennicum,Lophiotrema eburnoides,Montagnula graminicola,Multiseptospora thailandica,Myrothecium macrosporum,Natantispora unipolaris,Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola,Neosetophoma clematidis,N.italica,Oxydothis atypica,Palmiascoma gregariascomum,Paraconiothyrium nelloi,P.thysanolaenae,Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola,Paralecia pratorum,Paraphaeosphaeria spartii,Pestalotiopsis digitalis,P.dracontomelon,P.italiana,Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis,Phragmocapnias philippinensis,Pseudocamarosporium cotinae,Pseudocercospora tamarindi,Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata,P.thailandica,Psiloglonium multiseptatum,Saagaromyces mangrovei,Sarimanas pseudofluviatile,S.shirakamiense,Tothia spartii,Trichomerium siamensis,Wojnowicia dactylidicola,W.dactylidis and W.lonicerae.The Basidiomycota Agaricus flavicentrus,A.hanthanaensis,A.parvibicolor,A.sodalis,Cantharellus luteostipitatus,Lactarius atrobrunneus,L.politus,Phylloporia dependens and Russula cortinarioides are also introduced.Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Hapalocystis berkeleyi,Meliola tamarindi,Pallidocercospora acaciigena,Phaeosphaeria musae,Plenodomus agnitus,Psiloglonium colihuae,P.sasicola and Zasmidium musae while notes and/or new sequence data are provided for Annulohypoxylon leptascum,A.nitens,A.stygium,Biscogniauxia marginata,Fasciatispora nypae,Hypoxylon fendleri,H.monticulosum,Leptosphaeria doliolum,Microsphaeropsis olivacea,Neomicrothyrium,Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei,Phoma medicaginis and Saccotheciaceae.A full description of each species is provided with light micrographs(or drawings).Molecular data is provided for 90 taxa and used to generate phylogenetic trees to establish a natural classification for species.

Fungal diversity notes 111-252-taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa,including five new families,20 new genera,and 100 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new families,Ascocylindricaceae,Caryosporaceae and Wicklowiaceae(Ascomycota)are introduced based on their distinct lineages and unique morphology.The new Dothideomycete genera Pseudomassariosphaeria(Amniculicolaceae),Heracleicola,Neodidymella and Pseudomicrosphaeriopsis(Didymellaceae),Pseudopithomyces(Didymosphaeriaceae),Brunneoclavispora,Neolophiostoma and Sulcosporium(Halotthiaceae),Lophiohelichrysum(Lophiostomataceae),Galliicola,Populocrescentia and Vagicola(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Ascocylindrica(Ascocylindricaceae),Elongatopedicellata(Roussoellaceae),Pseudoasteromassaria(Latoruaceae)and Pseudomonodictys(Macrodiplodiopsidaceae)are introduced.The newly described species of Dothideomycetes(Ascomycota)are Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola(Amniculicolaceae),Flammeascoma lignicola(Anteagloniaceae),Ascocylindrica marina(Ascocylindricaceae),Lembosia xyliae(Asterinaceae),Diplodia crataegicola and Diplodia galiicola(Botryosphaeriaceae),Caryospora aquatica(Caryosporaceae),Heracleicola premilcurensis and Neodidymella thailandicum(Didymellaceae),Pseudopithomyces palmicola(Didymosphaeriaceae),Floricola viticola(Floricolaceae),Brunneoclavispora bambusae,Neolophiostoma pigmentatum and Sulcosporium thailandica(Halotthiaceae),Pseudoasteromassaria fagi(Latoruaceae),Keissleriella dactylidicola(Lentitheciaceae),Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi(Lophiostomataceae),Aquasubmersa japonica(Lophiotremataceae),Pseudomonodictys tectonae(Macrodiplodiopsidaceae),Microthyrium buxicola and Tumidispora shoreae(Microthyriaceae),Alloleptosphaeria clematidis,Allophaeosphaeria cytisi,Allophaeosphaeria subcylindrospora,Dematiopleospora luzulae,Entodesmium artemisiae,Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria,Loratospora luzulae,Nodulosphaeria senecionis,Ophiosphaerella aquaticus,Populocrescentia forlicesenensis and Vagicola vagans(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Elongatopedicellata lignicola,Roussoella magnatum and Roussoella angustior(Roussoellaceae)and Shrungabeeja longiappendiculata(Tetraploasphaeriaceae).The new combinations Pseudomassariosphaeria grandispora,Austropleospora archidendri,Pseudopithomyces chartarum,Pseudopithomyces maydicus,Pseudopithomyces sacchari,Vagicola vagans,Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida and Punctulariopsis efibulata Dothideomycetes.The new genera Dictyosporella(Annulatascaceae),and Tinhaudeus(Halosphaeriaceae)are introduced in Sordariomycetes(Ascomycota)while Dictyosporella aquatica(Annulatascaceae),Chaetosphaeria rivularia(Chaetosphaeriaceae),Beauveria gryllotalpidicola and Beauveria loeiensis(Cordycipitaceae),Seimatosporium sorbi and Seimatosporium pseudorosarum(Discosiaceae),Colletotrichum aciculare,Colletotrichum fusiforme and Colletotrichum hymenocallidicola(Glomerellaceae),Tinhaudeus formosanus(Halosphaeriaceae),Pestalotiopsis subshorea and Pestalotiopsis dracaenea(Pestalotiopsiceae),Phaeoacremonium tectonae(Togniniaceae),Cytospora parasitica and Cytospora tanaitica(Valsaceae),Annulohypoxylon palmicola,Biscogniauxia effusae and Nemania fusoideis(Xylariaceae)are introduced as novel species to order Sordariomycetes.The newly described species of Eurotiomycetes are Mycocalicium hyaloparvicellulum(Mycocaliciaceae).Acarospora septentrionalis and Acarospora castaneocarpa(Acarosporaceae),Chapsa multicarpa and Fissurina carassensis(Graphidaceae),Sticta fuscotomentosa and Sticta subfilicinella(Lobariaceae)are newly introduced in class Lecanoromycetes.In class Pezizomycetes,Helvella pseudolacunosa and Helvella rugosa(Helvellaceae)are introduced as new species.The new families,Dendrominiaceae and Neoantrodiellaceae(Basidiomycota)are introduced together with a new genus Neoantrodiella(Neoantrodiellaceae),here based on both morphology coupled with molecular data.In the class Agaricomycetes,Agaricus pseudolangei,Agaricus haematinus,Agaricus atrodiscus and Agaricus exilissimus(Agaricaceae),Amanita melleialba,Amanita pseudosychnopyramis and Amanita subparvipantherina(Amanitaceae),Entoloma calabrum,Cora barbulata,Dictyonema gomezianum and Inocybe granulosa(Inocybaceae),Xerocomellus sarnarii(Boletaceae),Cantharellus eucalyptorum,Cantharellus nigrescens,Cantharellus tricolor and Cantharellus variabilicolor(Cantharellaceae),Cortinarius alboamarescens,Cortinarius brunneoalbus,Cortinarius ochroamarus,Cortinarius putorius and Cortinarius seidlii(Cortinariaceae),Hymenochaete micropora and Hymenochaete subporioides(Hymenochaetaceae),Xylodon ramicida(Schizoporaceae),Colospora andalasii(Polyporaceae),Russula guangxiensis and Russula hakkae(Russulaceae),Tremella dirinariae,Tremella graphidis and Tremella pyrenulae(Tremellaceae)are introduced.Four new combinations Neoantrodiella gypsea,Neoantrodiella thujae(Neoantrodiellaceae),Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida,Punctulariopsis efibulata(Punctulariaceae)are also introduced here for the division Basidiomycota.Furthermore Absidia caatinguensis,Absidia koreana and Gongronella koreana(Cunninghamellaceae),Mortierella pisiformis and Mortierella formosana(Mortierellaceae)are newly introduced in the Zygomycota,while Neocallimastix cameroonii and Piromyces irregularis(Neocallimastigaceae)are introduced in the Neocallimastigomycota.Reference specimens or changes in classification and notes are provided for Alternaria ethzedia,Cucurbitaria ephedricola,Austropleospora,Austropleospora archidendri,Byssosphaeria rhodomphala,Lophiostoma caulium,Pseudopithomyces maydicus,Massariosphaeria,Neomassariosphaeria and Pestalotiopsis montellica.

Fungal diversity notes 929-1035:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi

This article is the ninth in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes,where 107 taxa distributed in three phyla,nine classes,31 orders and 57 families are described and illustrated.Taxa described in the present study include 12 new genera,74 new species,three new combinations,two reference specimens,a re-circumscription of the epitype,and 15 records of sexualasexual morph connections,new hosts and new geographical distributions.Twelve new genera comprise Brunneofusispora,Brunneomurispora,Liua,Lonicericola,Neoeutypella,Paratrimmatostroma,Parazalerion,Proliferophorum,Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis,Septomelanconiella,Velebitea and Vicosamyces.Seventy-four new species are Agaricus memnonius,A.langensis,Aleurodiscus patagonicus,Amanita flavoalba,A.subtropicana,Amphisphaeria mangrovei,Baorangia major,Bartalinia kunmingensis,Brunneofusispora sinensis,Brunneomurispora lonicerae,Capronia camelliaeyunnanensis,Clavulina thindii,Coniochaeta simbalensis,Conlarium thailandense,Coprinus trigonosporus,Liua muriformis,Cyphellophora filicis,Cytospora ulmicola,Dacrymyces invisibilis,Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis,Distoseptispora thysanolaenae,Emericellopsis koreana,Galiicola baoshanensis,Hygrocybe lucida,Hypoxylon teeravasati,Hyweljonesia indica,Keissleriella caraganae,Lactarius olivaceopallidus,Lactifluus midnapurensis,Lembosia brigadeirensis,Leptosphaeria urticae,Lonicericola hyaloseptispora,Lophiotrema mucilaginosis,Marasmiellus bicoloripes,Marasmius indojasminodorus,Micropeltis phetchaburiensis,Mucor orantomantidis,Murilentithecium lonicerae,Neobambusicola brunnea,Neoeutypella baoshanensis,Neoroussoella heveae,Neosetophoma lonicerae,Ophiobolus malleolus,Parabambusicola thysanolaenae,Paratrimmatostroma kunmingensis,Parazalerion indica,Penicillium dokdoense,Peroneutypa mangrovei,Phaeosphaeria cycadis,Phanerochaete australosanguinea,Plectosphaerella kunmingensis,Plenodomus artemisiae,P.lijiangensis,Proliferophorum thailandicum,Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis kaveriana,Pseudohelicomyces menglunicus,Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae,Robillarda mangiferae,Roussoella elaeicola,Russula choptae,R.uttarakhandia,Septomelanconiella thailandica,Spencermartinsia acericola,Sphaerellopsis isthmospora,Thozetella lithocarpi,Trechispora echinospora,Tremellochaete atlantica,Trichoderma koreanum,T.pinicola,T.rugulosum,Velebitea chrysotexta,Vicosamyces venturisporus,Wojnowiciella kunmingensis and Zopfiella indica.Three new combinations are Baorangia rufomaculata,Lanmaoa pallidorosea and Wojnowiciella rosicola.The reference specimens of Canalisporium kenyense and Tamsiniella labiosa are designated.The epitype of Sarcopeziza sicula is re-circumscribed based on cyto-and histochemical analyses.The sexual-asexual morph connection of Plenodomus sinensis is reported from ferns and Cirsium for the first time.In addition,the new host records and country records are Amanita altipes,A.melleialba,Amarenomyces dactylidis,Chaetosphaeria panamensis,Coniella vitis,Coprinopsis kubickae,Dothiorella sarmentorum,Leptobacillium leptobactrum var.calidus,Muyocopron lithocarpi,Neoroussoella solani,Periconia cortaderiae,Phragmocamarosporium hederae,Sphaerellopsis paraphysata and Sphaeropsis eucalypticola.

The sooty moulds

Sooty moulds are a remarkable,but poorly understood group of fungi.They coat fruits and leaves superficially with black mycelia,which reduces photosynthesis rates of host plants.Few researchers have,however,tried to quantify their economic importance.Sooty moulds have been well-studied at the morphological level,but they are poorly represented in a natural classification based on phylogeny.Representatives are presently known in Antennulariellaceae,Capnodiaceae,Chaetothyriaceae,Coccodiniaceae,Euantennariaceae,Metacapnodiaceae and Trichomeriaceae and several miscellaneous genera.However,molecular data is available for only five families.Most sooty mould colonies comprise numerous species and thus it is hard to confirm relationships between genera or sexual and asexual states.Future studies need to obtain single spore isolates of species to test their phylogenetic affinities and linkages between morphs.Next generation sequencing has shown sooty mould colonies to contain many more fungal species than expected,but it is not clear which species are dominant or active in the communities.They are more common in tropical,subtropical and warm temperate regions and thus their prevalence in temperate regions is likely to increase with global warming.Sooty moulds are rarely parasitized by fungicolous taxa and these may have biocontrol potential.They apparently grow in extreme environments and may be xerophilic.This needs testing as xerophilic taxa may be of interest for industrial applications.Sooty moulds grow on sugars and appear to out-compete typical“weed”fungi and bacteria.They may produce antibiotics for this purpose and their biochemical potential for obtaining novel bioactive compounds for medical application is underexplored.

Species concepts of Dothideomycetes:classification,phylogenetic inconsistencies and taxonomic standardization

The species is one of the basic units of biological classification.Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research.In the first part of this review,we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes.In the second part of the paper,we review four commonly used species concepts,focusing on morphological,ecological,biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes.The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta,Cercospora and Neofu-sicoccum.Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.

The Faces of Fungi database:fungal names linked with morphology,phylogeny and human impacts

Taxonomic names are key links between various databases that store information on different organisms.Several global fungal nomenclural and taxonomic databases(notably Index Fungorum,Species Fungorum and MycoBank)can be sourced to find taxonomic details about fungi,while DNA sequence data can be sourced from NCBI,EBI and UNITE databases.Although the sequence data may be linked to a name,the quality of the metadata is variable and generally there is no corresponding link to images,descriptions or herbarium material.There is generally no way to establish the accuracy of the names in these genomic databases,other than whether the submission is from a reputable source.To tackle this problem,a new database(FacesofFungi),accessible at www.facesoffungi.org(FoF)has been established.This fungal database allows deposition of taxonomic data,phenotypic details and other useful data,which will enhance our current taxonomic understanding and ultimately enable mycologists to gain better and updated insights into the current fungal classification system.In addition,the database will also allow access to comprehensive metadata including descriptions of voucher and type specimens.This database is user-friendly,providing links and easy access between taxonomic ranks,with the classification system based primarily on molecular data(from the literature and via updated web-based phylogenetic trees),and to a lesser extent on morphological data when molecular data are unavailable.In FoF species are not only linked to the closest phylogenetic representatives,but also relevant data is provided,wherever available,on various applied aspects,such as ecological,industrial,quarantine and chemical uses.The data include the three main fungal groups(Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Basal fungi)and fungus-like organisms.The FoF webpage is an output funded by the Mushroom Research Foundation which is an NGO with seven directors with mycological expertise.The webpage has 76 curators,and with the help of these specialists,FoF will provide an updated natural classification of the fungi,with illustrated accounts of species linked to molecular data.The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups.The structure and use of the database is then explained.We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to these web pages.

One stop shop IV: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 76-100 (2020)

This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms.This paper focuses on one family:Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera:Armillaria,Barrio-psis,Cercospora,Cladosporium,Clinoconidium,Colletotrichum,Cylindrocladiella,Dothidotthia,,Fomitopsis,Ganoderma,Golovinomyces,Heterobasidium,Meliola,Mucor,Neoerysiphe,Nothophoma,Phellinus,Phytophthora,Pseudoseptoria,Pythium,Rhizopus,Stemphylium,Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella.Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background,distribution,hosts,disease symptoms,and updated backbone trees.Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available.Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.

Refined families of Dothideomycetes:orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes

Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideo-mycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications.In this paper,we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes.Each family is provided with an updated description,notes,including figures to represent the morphology,a list of accepted genera,and economic and ecological significances.We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order.In this study,31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes,and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.The new order,Catinellales,and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are introduced.Seven genera(Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella,and Schummia)are introduced.Seven new species(Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora,and Pseu-domicrothyrium thailandicum)are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny,together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families.Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.

The numbers of fungi:are the most speciose genera truly diverse?

Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes,pathogens and saprobes.The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain,ranging from 1.5 to 12 million,but only around 150,000 species have been named and classified to date.Since the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification,the number of newly described taxa has increased from approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly.This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distin-guish species,especially cryptic species.Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied regions and habitats,but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species.In this paper,we examine 16 genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in each genus.The genera treated herein are Cercospora,Diaporthe,Meliola,Passalora,Phyllachora,Phyllosticta,Pseudocer-cospora,Ramularia(ascomycetes)and Cortinarius,Entoloma,Inocybe,Marasmius,Psathyrella,Puccinia,Russula,Uromyces(basidiomycetes).We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number of entries in GenBank.We introduce 18 new species Apiospora multiloculata,Candolleomyces thailandensis,Cortinarius acutoproximus,Cortinarius melleoalbus,Cortinarius pacificus,Cortinarius parvoacetosus,Diaporthe guizhouensis,Entoloma pseudosubcorvinum,Inocybe meirensongia,Marasmius albulus,Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus,Meliola camporesii,Phyl-lachora siamensis,Phyllosticta doitungensis,Picipes yuxiensis,Pseudocercospora vignae,Puccinia maureanui and Russula inornata.We also introduce a new record of Candolleomyces cladii-marisci and Inocybe iringolkavensis.We discuss the genera Colletotrichum and Pleurotus that are speciose,but do not occur in the top 40.We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.