ChatG PT,an artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) model developed by OpenAI,has attracted worldwide attention for its capability of dealing with challenging language understanding and generation tasks in th...ChatG PT,an artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) model developed by OpenAI,has attracted worldwide attention for its capability of dealing with challenging language understanding and generation tasks in the form of conversations.This paper briefly provides an overview on the history,status quo and potential future development of ChatGPT,helping to provide an entry point to think about ChatGPT.Specifically,from the limited open-accessed resources,we conclude the core techniques of ChatGPT,mainly including large-scale language models,in-context learning,reinforcement learning from human feedback and the key technical steps for developing ChatGPT.We further analyze the pros and cons of ChatGPT and we rethink the duality of ChatGPT in various fields.Although it has been widely acknowledged that ChatGPT brings plenty of opportunities for various fields,mankind should still treat and use ChatG PT properly to avoid the potential threat,e.g.,academic integrity and safety challenge.Finally,we discuss several open problems as the potential development of ChatGPT.展开更多
Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarp...Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarps were constructed),which led to early maturation of cystocarps and spore release.Laboratory cultivation revealed that exogenous PA application accelerated the development of cystocarps,and the mean sporeling growth rate was 20%–50%/d during the initial week of cultivation.The spore count(SC),survival rate(SR),and germination rate(GR)of G.lemaneiformis showed different responses to PA(10-6 mol/L and 10-3 mol/L)treatments under different temperatures(18,26,and 34℃),light intensities(30,60,and 90μmol photons/(m^(2)·s)),salinities(25,30,and 35),and nutrient levels(25꞉2.5,50꞉5.0,and 75꞉7.5μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4),and the optimal conditions were 26℃,light intensity of 60μmol/(m^(2)·s),salinity of 35,and nutrient level of 50꞉5.0μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4.Under the optimum conditions,the SC per cystocarp increased by 82.38%,and the spore SR and GR increased by 33.07%and 46.44%,respectively.Each experiment lasted for 7 days,with the highest SC on Day 4 and plateauing on Day 7.The results indicate that PAs could promote the early maturation,spore release,survival,and germination of G.lemaneiformis under laboratory conditions.展开更多
To select elite materials,the growth traits of 32 Betula platyphylla clones at three separated northern sites in Northeast China were investigated and analyzed.The results showed that there were significant difference...To select elite materials,the growth traits of 32 Betula platyphylla clones at three separated northern sites in Northeast China were investigated and analyzed.The results showed that there were significant differences among all variation sources in the different investigated traits(P<0.01).Except for the carbon contents,all the coeffi-cients of phenotypic variation of the other investigated traits were higher than 10%.The repeatability of different traits ranged from 0.760 to 0.998.Correlation analysis showed that tree height were significantly correlated with diameter at breast height,but neither was significantly correlated with leaf traits nor element contents.Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis showed that genotype,environment and genotype×environment interactions were significantly different in diameter at breast height,which indicated that environment had a significant effect on genotype.Comprehensive assessment results showed that three clones with high and stable diameters at breast height were selected,and the genetic gains of diameter at breast height on sites Maoershan,Qingan,and Yongji were 21.24%,20.58%,and 38.65%,respectively.The results could provide a theoretical basis for elite clone selection in B.platyphylla and other broad leaved species.展开更多
In quantum mechanics,when an electron is quickly ripped off from a molecule,a superposition of new eigenstates of the cation creates an electron wave packet that governs the charge flow inside,which has been called ch...In quantum mechanics,when an electron is quickly ripped off from a molecule,a superposition of new eigenstates of the cation creates an electron wave packet that governs the charge flow inside,which has been called charge migration(CM).Experimentally,extracting such dynamics at its natural(attosecond)timescale is quite difficult.We report the first such experiment in a linear carbon-chain molecule,butadiyne(C_(4)H_(2)),via high-harmonic spectroscopy(HHS).By employing advanced theoretical and computational tools,we showed that the wave packet and the CM of a single molecule are reconstructed from the harmonic spectra for each fixed-in-space angle of the molecule.For this onedimensional molecule,we calculate the center of charge <x>(t) to obtain v_(cm),to quantify the migration speed and how it depends on the orientation angle.The findings also uncover how the electron dynamics at the first few tens to hundreds of attoseconds depends on molecular structure.The method can be extended to other molecules where the HHS technique can be employed.展开更多
We demonstrate a deep-learning neural network(DNN) method for the measurement of molecular alignment by using the molecular-alignment-based cross-correlation polarization-gating frequency resolved optical gating(M-XFR...We demonstrate a deep-learning neural network(DNN) method for the measurement of molecular alignment by using the molecular-alignment-based cross-correlation polarization-gating frequency resolved optical gating(M-XFROG) technique.Our network has the capacity for direct measurement of molecular alignment from the FROG traces. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we have demonstrated our method in O^(2) molecules. With our method, the molecular alignment factor<cos^(2)θ>(t) of O_(2), impulsively excited by a pump pulse, was directly reconstructed. The accuracy and validity of the reconstruction have been verified by comparison with the simulations based on experimental parameters.展开更多
Considering the multi-functionalization of ligands,it is crucial for ligand molecular design to reveal the landscape of anchoring sites.Here,a typical triphenylphosphine(TPP)ligand was employed to explore its effect o...Considering the multi-functionalization of ligands,it is crucial for ligand molecular design to reveal the landscape of anchoring sites.Here,a typical triphenylphosphine(TPP)ligand was employed to explore its effect on the surface of CsPbI_(3)perovskite nanocrystals(PNCs).Except for the conventionally considered P-Pb coordination,an P-I supramolecular halogen bonding was also found on the NC surface.The coexistence of the above two types of bonding significantly increased the formation energy of iodine vacancy defects and improved the photoluminescence quantum yield of PNCs up to 93%.Meanwhile,the direct interaction of P and I enhanced the stability of the Pb-I octahedra and dramatically inhibited the migration of I ions.Furthermore,the introduction of additional benzene rings(2-(Diphenylphosphino)-biphenyl(DPB))increased the delocalized properties of the PNC surface and significantly improved the charge transport of the PNCs.As a result,the DPB passivated CsPbI_(3)NCs based top-emitting LEDs exhibite a peak external quantum efficiency(EQE)of 22.8%,a maximum luminance of 15,204 cd m^(−2),and an extremely low-efficiency roll-off of 2.6%at the current density of 500 mA cm^(−2).展开更多
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB1714300)National Natural Science Foundation of China (62293502, 61831022, 61976211)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS。
文摘ChatG PT,an artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) model developed by OpenAI,has attracted worldwide attention for its capability of dealing with challenging language understanding and generation tasks in the form of conversations.This paper briefly provides an overview on the history,status quo and potential future development of ChatGPT,helping to provide an entry point to think about ChatGPT.Specifically,from the limited open-accessed resources,we conclude the core techniques of ChatGPT,mainly including large-scale language models,in-context learning,reinforcement learning from human feedback and the key technical steps for developing ChatGPT.We further analyze the pros and cons of ChatGPT and we rethink the duality of ChatGPT in various fields.Although it has been widely acknowledged that ChatGPT brings plenty of opportunities for various fields,mankind should still treat and use ChatG PT properly to avoid the potential threat,e.g.,academic integrity and safety challenge.Finally,we discuss several open problems as the potential development of ChatGPT.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0901502)the Ningbo Key R&D Science and Technology Program(Nos.2019B10009,2021Z114)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Nos.LY19C190003,LQ20C190002)。
文摘Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarps were constructed),which led to early maturation of cystocarps and spore release.Laboratory cultivation revealed that exogenous PA application accelerated the development of cystocarps,and the mean sporeling growth rate was 20%–50%/d during the initial week of cultivation.The spore count(SC),survival rate(SR),and germination rate(GR)of G.lemaneiformis showed different responses to PA(10-6 mol/L and 10-3 mol/L)treatments under different temperatures(18,26,and 34℃),light intensities(30,60,and 90μmol photons/(m^(2)·s)),salinities(25,30,and 35),and nutrient levels(25꞉2.5,50꞉5.0,and 75꞉7.5μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4),and the optimal conditions were 26℃,light intensity of 60μmol/(m^(2)·s),salinity of 35,and nutrient level of 50꞉5.0μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4.Under the optimum conditions,the SC per cystocarp increased by 82.38%,and the spore SR and GR increased by 33.07%and 46.44%,respectively.Each experiment lasted for 7 days,with the highest SC on Day 4 and plateauing on Day 7.The results indicate that PAs could promote the early maturation,spore release,survival,and germination of G.lemaneiformis under laboratory conditions.
基金support by the Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Macao Science and Technology Project(Category C)sponsored by the Science Technology and Innovation Committee of Shenzhen Municipality(SGDX20201103093003017)Shenzhen Key Basic Research Project(JCYJ20200109114827177)Hong Kong RGC General Research Fund(CityU 11216421).
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020DR01,2572020DY24).
文摘To select elite materials,the growth traits of 32 Betula platyphylla clones at three separated northern sites in Northeast China were investigated and analyzed.The results showed that there were significant differences among all variation sources in the different investigated traits(P<0.01).Except for the carbon contents,all the coeffi-cients of phenotypic variation of the other investigated traits were higher than 10%.The repeatability of different traits ranged from 0.760 to 0.998.Correlation analysis showed that tree height were significantly correlated with diameter at breast height,but neither was significantly correlated with leaf traits nor element contents.Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis showed that genotype,environment and genotype×environment interactions were significantly different in diameter at breast height,which indicated that environment had a significant effect on genotype.Comprehensive assessment results showed that three clones with high and stable diameters at breast height were selected,and the genetic gains of diameter at breast height on sites Maoershan,Qingan,and Yongji were 21.24%,20.58%,and 38.65%,respectively.The results could provide a theoretical basis for elite clone selection in B.platyphylla and other broad leaved species.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFA0308300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91950202, 12225406, 12074136, 12021004, and 11934006)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2021CFB330)supported by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy (No. DE-FG0286ER13491)supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (No. DE-SC0023192)
文摘In quantum mechanics,when an electron is quickly ripped off from a molecule,a superposition of new eigenstates of the cation creates an electron wave packet that governs the charge flow inside,which has been called charge migration(CM).Experimentally,extracting such dynamics at its natural(attosecond)timescale is quite difficult.We report the first such experiment in a linear carbon-chain molecule,butadiyne(C_(4)H_(2)),via high-harmonic spectroscopy(HHS).By employing advanced theoretical and computational tools,we showed that the wave packet and the CM of a single molecule are reconstructed from the harmonic spectra for each fixed-in-space angle of the molecule.For this onedimensional molecule,we calculate the center of charge <x>(t) to obtain v_(cm),to quantify the migration speed and how it depends on the orientation angle.The findings also uncover how the electron dynamics at the first few tens to hundreds of attoseconds depends on molecular structure.The method can be extended to other molecules where the HHS technique can be employed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0308300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91950202,12225406,12074136,and 12021004)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2021CFB330).
文摘We demonstrate a deep-learning neural network(DNN) method for the measurement of molecular alignment by using the molecular-alignment-based cross-correlation polarization-gating frequency resolved optical gating(M-XFROG) technique.Our network has the capacity for direct measurement of molecular alignment from the FROG traces. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we have demonstrated our method in O^(2) molecules. With our method, the molecular alignment factor<cos^(2)θ>(t) of O_(2), impulsively excited by a pump pulse, was directly reconstructed. The accuracy and validity of the reconstruction have been verified by comparison with the simulations based on experimental parameters.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61827818,12104178,61935009,12204193,12174151)Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(20230201055GX,20200401059GX,20220101008JC).
文摘Considering the multi-functionalization of ligands,it is crucial for ligand molecular design to reveal the landscape of anchoring sites.Here,a typical triphenylphosphine(TPP)ligand was employed to explore its effect on the surface of CsPbI_(3)perovskite nanocrystals(PNCs).Except for the conventionally considered P-Pb coordination,an P-I supramolecular halogen bonding was also found on the NC surface.The coexistence of the above two types of bonding significantly increased the formation energy of iodine vacancy defects and improved the photoluminescence quantum yield of PNCs up to 93%.Meanwhile,the direct interaction of P and I enhanced the stability of the Pb-I octahedra and dramatically inhibited the migration of I ions.Furthermore,the introduction of additional benzene rings(2-(Diphenylphosphino)-biphenyl(DPB))increased the delocalized properties of the PNC surface and significantly improved the charge transport of the PNCs.As a result,the DPB passivated CsPbI_(3)NCs based top-emitting LEDs exhibite a peak external quantum efficiency(EQE)of 22.8%,a maximum luminance of 15,204 cd m^(−2),and an extremely low-efficiency roll-off of 2.6%at the current density of 500 mA cm^(−2).