Few amphibians possess morphologically distinguishable heteromorphic sex chromosomes.The classic indirect method is a time-consuming and resource-demanding task to identify the heterogametic sex.Here we have taken adv...Few amphibians possess morphologically distinguishable heteromorphic sex chromosomes.The classic indirect method is a time-consuming and resource-demanding task to identify the heterogametic sex.Here we have taken advantage of a sex-specific microsatellite marker,by amplifying a large number of samples of known male and female individuals from various populations,to reveal a homogeneous pattern of male heterogamety in Quasipaa boulengeri.The identification of the heterogametic sex will help interpreting the evolution of sex determination.Besides relevance for evolutionary studies of sex determination,the sex-linked markers have potential for addressing practical issues in conservation biology because the sex reversal that caused by anthropogenic endocrine disruptors is considered as a reason for amphibian decline.展开更多
P2-type sodium layered oxide cathode (Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)O_(2)P2-NNMO) has attracted great attention as a promising cathode material for sodium ion batteries because of its high specific capacity. However, this m...P2-type sodium layered oxide cathode (Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)O_(2)P2-NNMO) has attracted great attention as a promising cathode material for sodium ion batteries because of its high specific capacity. However, this material suffers from a rapid capacity fade during high-voltage cycling. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the capacity fade, including intragranular fracture caused by the P2-O2 phase transion, surface structural change, and irreversible lattice oxygen release. Here we systematically investigated the morphological, structural, and chemical changes of P2-NNMO during high-voltage cycling using a variety of characterization techniques. It was found that the lattice distortion and crystal-plane buckling induced by the P2-O2 phase transition slowed down the Na-ion transport in the bulk and hindered the extraction of the Na ions. The sluggish kinetics was the main reason in reducing the accessible capacity while other interfacial degradation mechanisms played minor roles. Our results not only enabled a more complete understanding of the capacity-fading mechanism of P2-NNMO but also revealed the underlying correlations between lattice doping and the moderately improved cycle performance.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.31272282,No.31572241 and No.31401960)
文摘Few amphibians possess morphologically distinguishable heteromorphic sex chromosomes.The classic indirect method is a time-consuming and resource-demanding task to identify the heterogametic sex.Here we have taken advantage of a sex-specific microsatellite marker,by amplifying a large number of samples of known male and female individuals from various populations,to reveal a homogeneous pattern of male heterogamety in Quasipaa boulengeri.The identification of the heterogametic sex will help interpreting the evolution of sex determination.Besides relevance for evolutionary studies of sex determination,the sex-linked markers have potential for addressing practical issues in conservation biology because the sex reversal that caused by anthropogenic endocrine disruptors is considered as a reason for amphibian decline.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21938005, 21573147, 22005190, 22008154, 21872163)the Science & Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (19DZ1205500, 19ZR1424600, 19ZR1475100)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2021JDRC0015 to L.S.L)。
文摘P2-type sodium layered oxide cathode (Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)O_(2)P2-NNMO) has attracted great attention as a promising cathode material for sodium ion batteries because of its high specific capacity. However, this material suffers from a rapid capacity fade during high-voltage cycling. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the capacity fade, including intragranular fracture caused by the P2-O2 phase transion, surface structural change, and irreversible lattice oxygen release. Here we systematically investigated the morphological, structural, and chemical changes of P2-NNMO during high-voltage cycling using a variety of characterization techniques. It was found that the lattice distortion and crystal-plane buckling induced by the P2-O2 phase transition slowed down the Na-ion transport in the bulk and hindered the extraction of the Na ions. The sluggish kinetics was the main reason in reducing the accessible capacity while other interfacial degradation mechanisms played minor roles. Our results not only enabled a more complete understanding of the capacity-fading mechanism of P2-NNMO but also revealed the underlying correlations between lattice doping and the moderately improved cycle performance.
