Distribution of antioxidants and phenolic compounds in flour milling fractions from hard red winter wheat

Mature wheat kernels contain three main parts:endosperm,bran,and germ.Flour milling results in multiple streams that are chemically different;however,the distribution of antioxidants and phenolic compounds has not been well documented in terms of conventional milling by-product streams.In this study,multiple analytical methods were used to investigate antioxidant activity and phenolic compound compositions of hard red winter wheat(whole ground wheat),the parts of a wheat kernel(bran,flour,germ),and wheat by-product streams(mill feed,red dog,shorts)for the first time.For each mill stream,phenolic compounds(total,flavonoid,and anthocyanin contents)were determined and antioxidant activities were evaluated with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical-scavenging activity,ferric reducing/antioxidant power(FRAP),and total antioxidant capacity assays.Significant differences(P<0.05)were observed in phenolic concentrations among fractions of bran,flour,and germ milled from the same kernels and noted that germ accounts for the majority of antioxidant properties,whereas bran contains a substantial portion of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins.Mill feed was high in phenolic content(5.29 mg FAE/g),total antioxidant capacity(866 mg/g),and antioxidant activity(up to 75% DPPH inhibition and 20.26μmol FeSO_(4)/g).The comprehensive information on distribution of antioxidants and phenolic compounds provides insights for future human consumption of commonly produced co-products from flour milling,and for selecting and using different milling fractions to make foods with improved nutritional properties.

Anti-tumor activity of rice bran hydrolysates on migration, invasion and angiogenesis

Objective:To investigate anti-tumor effect of rice bran hydrolysates(RBH)on proliferation,migration,invasion,and angiogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)cells,and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods:RBH was prepared from Tubtim Chumprae rice(Oryza sativa L.)by hydrothermolysis followed by protease digestion.Phenolic content in RBH was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography.Human CCA cells,KKU-156,KKU-452,and KKU-100,were used to study the effects of RBH on proliferation,migration,invasion,and adhesion by wound healing,Transwell chamber,and fibronectin cell adhesion assays.Angiogenesis was evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells.Proteins associated with cancer progression were analyzed by immunobloting assays.Results:RBH contained carbohydrates,proteins,lipids,and various phenolic compounds and flavonoids.RBH did not inhibit CCA proliferation,but strongly suppressed migration,invasion,adhesion of CCA cells,and the formation of tube-like capillary structures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.Moreover,RBH downregulated phosphorylation of FAK,PI3K,and Akt,suppressed NF-κB nuclear translocation,decreased the expression of ICAM-1,vimentin and vascular endothelium growth factor(VEGF),and increased the expression of E-cadherin.Conclusions:RBH suppresses CCA cell migration and invasion and decreases expression of proteins involved in cancer metastasis.RBH is a potential food supplement for cancer prevention.