Isolation of a novel characterized Issatchenkia terricola from red raspberry fruits on the degradation of citric acid and enrichment of flavonoid and volatile profiles in fermented red raspberry juice

High content of citric acid in red raspberry juice leads to poor sensory experience. This study developed a feasible method to degrade citric acid in red raspberry juice using a novel characterized Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4 isolated from red raspberry fruits. I. terricola WJL-G4 exhibited a potent capability of reducing the citric acid contents from(22.8 ± 0.08) g/L to(6.2 ± 0.02) g/L within 36 h fermentation, then completely depleted after 48 h. Furthermore, the contents of phenolic compound, including neochlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, raspberry ketone, and rutin significantly increased after 36 h fermentation. Fermentation increased total flavonoid contents in red raspberry juice, compared to that in control group. Volatile profiles exhibited to be enriched after fermentation, which contributed to the improvement of the juice taste. Our findings showed that I. terricola WJL-G4 can be applied in deacidification, enrichment of flavonoid compounds and volatile profiles in fermented red raspberry juice..

MYOD1 inhibits avian adipocyte differentiation via miRNA-206/KLF4 axis

Background:A considerable number of muscle development-related genes were differentially expressed in the early stage of avian adipocyte differentiation.However,the functions of them in adipocyte differentiation remain largely known.In this study,the myoblast determination protein 1(MYOD1)was selected as a representative of muscle development.We investigated its expression,function,and regulation in avian adipocyte differentiation.Results:The expression of MYOD1 decreased significantly in the early stage of avian adipocyte differentiation.CRIS PR/Cas9-mediated deletion of MYOD1 induced adipocyte differentiation,whereas over-expression of MYOD1 inhibited adipogenesis.The mRNA-seq data showed that MYOD1 could perturb the lipid biosynthetic process during differentiation.Our results showed that MYOD1 directly up-regulates the miR-206 expression by binding the upstream 1200 bp region of miR-206.Then,over-expression of miR-206 can inhibit the adipogenesis.Furthermore,MYOD1 affected the expression of endogenous miR-206 and its target gene Kruppel-like factor 4(KLF4),which is an important activator of adipogenesis.Accordingly,the inhibition of miR-206 or over-expression of KLF4 could counteract the inhibitory effect of MYOD1 on adipocyte differentiation.Conclusions:Our results establish that MYOD1 inhibits adipocyte differentiation by up-regulating miR-206 to suppress the KLF4 expression.These findings identify a novel function of MYOD1 in adipocyte differentiation,suggesting a potential role in body-fat distribution regulation.

Genetic basis of negative heterosis for growth traits in chickens revealed by genome-wide gene expression pattern analysis

Background:Heterosis is an important biological phenomenon that has been extensively utilized in agricultural breeding.However,negative heterosis is also pervasively observed in nature,which can cause unfavorable impacts on production performance.Compared with systematic studies of positive heterosis,the phenomenon of negative heterosis has been largely ignored in genetic studies and breeding programs,and the genetic mechanism of this phenomenon has not been thoroughly elucidated to date.Here,we used chickens,the most common agricultural animals worldwide,to determine the genetic and molecular mechanisms of negative heterosis.Results:We performed reciprocal crossing experiments with two distinct chicken lines and found that the body weight presented widely negative heterosis in the early growth of chickens.Negative heterosis of carcass traits was more common than positive heterosis,especially breast muscle mass,which was over−40%in reciprocal progenies.Genome-wide gene expression pattern analyses of breast muscle tissues revealed that nonadditivity,including dominance and overdominace,was the major gene inheritance pattern.Nonadditive genes,including a substantial number of genes encoding ATPase and NADH dehydrogenase,accounted for more than 68%of differentially expressed genes in reciprocal crosses(4257 of 5587 and 3617 of 5243,respectively).Moreover,nonadditive genes were significantly associated with the biological process of oxidative phosphorylation,which is the major metabolic pathway for energy release and animal growth and development.The detection of ATP content and ATPase activity for purebred and crossbred progenies further confirmed that chickens with lower muscle yield had lower ATP concentrations but higher hydrolysis activity,which supported the important role of oxidative phosphorylation in negative heterosis for growth traits in chickens.Conclusions:These findings revealed that nonadditive genes and their related oxidative phosphorylation were the major genetic and molecular factors in the negative heterosis of growth in chickens,which would be beneficial to future breeding strategies.

Correlation analysis of the total IgY level in hen serum, egg yolk and offspring serum

The correlation between IgY levels of the serum and the yolk has been well documented in wild and domestic birds. The levels of total yolk IgY can be an index of the general health status of birds and may contribute to breeding programs when fitness of the offspring is a concern. We measured the levels of total serum IgY and yolk IgY in three different breeds （White Leghorn, Silkie and Dongxiang blue-shell） using indirect ELISA, and found that there was a significantly positive correlation between the levels of total serum IgY and total yolk IgY in all three breeds （White Leghorn： r = 0.404, P 〈 0.001, n = 100; Silkie： r = 0.561, P 〈 0.001, n = 70; Dongxiang blue-shell： r = 0.619, P 〈 0.001, n = 30）. We also measured the total serum IgY levels in the 3-day-old offspring hatched from the Silkie hens and results were significantly correlated for serum IgY levels （r = 0.535, P 〈 0.001, n = 70） and the yolk IgY levels （r = 0.481, P 〈 0.001, n = 70）. The regression analysis showed simple linear regression between IgY levels in hen serum, yolk and offspring serum. Our results suggest that total IgY level could be used as an index for chicken fitness.

Self-induced collision risk of the Starlink constellation based on long-term orbital evolution analysis

The deployment of mega constellations has had a significant effect on the compounding space debris environment,increasing the number of on-orbit objects in all conditions and damaging the stability of the space debris environment.The increased density of space objects is associated with an increased risk of on-orbit collisions.Collision risk exists not only between a mega constellation and the space debris environment but also inside a mega constellation.In this study,we used the Starlink constellation to investigate the self-induced collision risk caused by malfunctioning satellites.First,we analyzed the conjunction condition between malfunctioning and operative satellites based on long-term orbital evolution characteristics.The collision probability was then calculated based on the conjunction analysis results.The results show that malfunctioning satellites in Phase 1 cause an 86.2%self-induced collision probability based on a malfunctioning rate of 1%,which is close to the collision probability caused by objects larger than 6 cm during five years of service.Therefore,self-induced collisions are another important risk factor for the Starlink constellation.

Multi-stage expansion planning of energy storage integrated soft open points considering tie-line reconstruction

With the rapid development of flexible interconnection technology in active distribution networks(ADNs),many power electronic devices have been employed to improve system operational performance.As a novel fully-con-trolled power electronic device,energy storage integrated soft open point(ESOP)is gradually replacing traditional switches.This can significantly enhance the controllability of ADNs.To facilitate the utilization of ESOP,device loca-tions and capacities should be configured optimally.Thus,this paper proposes a multi-stage expansion planning method of ESOP with the consideration of tie-line reconstruction.First,based on multi-terminal modular design characteristics,the ESOP planning model is established.A multi-stage planning framework of ESOP is then presented,in which the evolutionary relationship among different planning schemes is analyzed.Based on this framework,a multi-stage planning method of ESOP with consideration of tie-line reconstruction is subsequently proposed.Finally,case studies are conducted on a modified practical distribution network,and the cost-benefit analysis of device and multiple impact factors are given to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.