The Evidence of Clade 7.1 Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Qinghai Lake

The highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 spread throughout Asia since 2003, reached to Europe in 2005, and the Middle East, as well as Africa and caused a global concern for a potential pandemic threat last decade. A Clade 2.3.2 H5N1 virus became dominate in the Qinghai Lake region in 2009 with sporadic mammal cases of infection and transferred to Russia and Europe through wild migratory birds. Currently, HPAI H5N1 of clades 2.3.4, 2.3.2, and 7 are the dominant co-circulating H5N1 viruses in poultry in Asia. 2.3.2 Clade is dominant in wild birds through the world whereas there is no evident data about Clade 7 circulation in wild birds. We detected HPAI H5N1 virus of Clade 7.1 in Qinghai Lake, that closely related to Shanxi-like and Vietnam viruses co-circulating in poultry. This is the first report of Clade 7.1 H5N1 in wild birds. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the virus can be originated from Clade 7.1 virus gene pool that spread in Vietnam and Chinese poultry and could spread with migratory birds to Qinghai Lake. The Qinghai Lake continues to be significant hotspot for H5N1 surveillance since the regular outbreaks occurred there in wild birds and mammals. Based on these facts and findings, the related researchers should pay more attention to the Qinghai Lake basin as significant hotspot for H5N1 avian influenza surveillance since the regular H5N1 outbreaks occurred there in wild birds with sporadic mammal cases of infection.

The gut microbiome and metabolome of Himalayan Griffons(Gyps himalayensis):insights into the adaptation to carrion-feeding habits in avian scavengers

Background:Himalayan Griffons(Gyps himalayensis),large scavenging raptors widely distributed in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,have evolved a remarkable ability to feed on carcasses without suffering any adverse effects.The gut microbiome plays an important role in animal physiological and pathological processes,and has also been found to play a health protective role in the vulture adaptation to scavenging.However,the microbial taxonomic diversity(including nonculturable and culturable microbes),functions,and metabolites related to Himalayan Griffons have not been fully explored.Methods:In the present study,the 28 fecal samples of the Himalayan Griffons and 8 carrion samples were collected and sequenced using high-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing methods to analyze the composition and functional structures of the microbiomes.Twelve fecal samples of the Himalayan Griffons were analyzed using untargeted Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy(LC-MS)to identify metabolites.We used different culture conditions to grow Himalayan Griffons gut microbes.Inhibitory effects of gut beneficial bacteria on 5 common pathogenic bacteria were also tested using the Oxford cup method.Results:According to the results of the culture-independent method,a high abundance of four major phyla in Himalayan Griffons were identified,including Fusobacteria,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,and Proteobacteria.The most abundant genera were Fusobacterium,followed by Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,Cetobacterium,Epulopiscium,and Bacteroides.The predicted primary functional categories of the Himalayan Griffons'gut microbiome were associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism,replication and repair,and membrane transport.LC-MS metabolomic analysis showed a total of 154 metabolites in all the fecal samples.Cultivation yielded 184 bacterial isolates with Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecium,Enterococcus hirae,and Paeniclostridium sordellii as most common isolates.Moreover,7 potential beneficial gut bacteria isolated showed certain inhibition to 5 common pathogenic bacteria.Conclusions:Our findings broaden and deepen the understanding of Himalayan Griffons'gut microbiome,and highlighted the importance of gut microbiome-mediated adaptation to scavenging habits.In particular,our results highlighted the protective role of gut beneficial bacteria in the Himalayan Griffons against pathogenic bacteria that appear in rotten food resources.

温州医科大学附属眼视光医院玻璃体切割术适应证及术式10年变化趋势

目的:探讨温州医科大学附属眼视光医院2010年至2019年间玻璃体切割术适应证及术式的变化趋势。方法:回顾性系列病例研究。纳入2010年1月1日至2019年12月31日在温州医科大学附属眼视光医院行玻璃体切割手术的病例22491例,其中男12287例,女10204例,年龄1~95岁。根据玻璃体切割手术适应证(视网膜脱离、糖尿病视网膜病变、黄斑病变、眼外伤、无视网膜脱离的玻璃体视网膜疾病、晶状体病变及其他眼病)、手术类型(前段玻璃体切割术、单纯玻璃体切割术及玻璃体切割联合晶状体手术)及玻璃体腔填充物(气体、硅油及其他液体)进行分类,对上述适应证、手术方式变化趋势及患者的人口学资料进行统计学描述。结果:温州医科大学附属眼视光医院玻璃体切割术年手术量由2010年的1398例逐渐增加至2019年的3791例。患者年龄由2010年的(50.1±16.4)岁上升至2019年的(57.2±14.5)岁,以男性为多,但女性比例逐年增加(由2010年的39.7%增至2019年的46.6%)。2010年至2019年间,前4位玻璃体切割术适应证依次为视网膜脱离(29.4%),黄斑疾病(22.0%),糖尿病视网膜病变(19.7%)及眼外伤(15.5%)。因黄斑疾病接受手术的患者数量及构成比逐年增多,由2010年的195例(14.0%)增加至2019年的1054例(27.8%),已成为玻璃体切割术的首位适应证。手术类型方面,玻璃体切割联合晶状体手术为13896例(61.8%),所占的比例明显上升(2010年55.2%,2019年69.0%)。玻璃体腔填充物方面,气体及硅油是玻璃体切割术后的主要填充物(2010年占83.4%,2019年占74.9%)。近5年硅油填充比例较前5年下降(2010─2014年期间占40.2%~43.8%,2015─2019年期间占34.1%~39.6%)。结论:2010─2019年温州医科大学附属眼视光医院玻璃体切割手术的主要适应证为视网膜脱离、黄斑疾病、糖尿病视网膜病变。其中黄斑疾病占比逐年增加。玻璃体切割联合晶状体手术已成为主流术式。10年来玻璃体切割术后硅油填充的使用比例在逐渐下降。