氢燃料电池——重型车辆内燃发动机的替代者

1.Introduction Controlled combustion is perhaps the oldest human invention,providing food,warmth,protection,and power over millennia.In the last century,for example,it has enabled the United Kingdom to cut its agricultural labor force to near 1% of the population,replacing the horse and muscle power that dominated the 19th and earlier centuries[1].

Advanced 2D molybdenum disulfide for green hydrogen production: Recent progress and future perspectives

The development of renewable and affordable energy is crucial for building a sustainable society. In this context, establishing a sustainable infrastructure for renewable energy requires the integration of energy storage, specifically use of renewable hydrogen. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of electrochemical water splitting is a promising method for producing green hydrogen. Recently, two-dimensional nanomaterials have shown great promise in promoting the HER in terms of both fundamental research and practical applications due to their high specific surface areas and tunable electronic properties. Among them, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a non-noble metal catalyst, has emerged as a promising alternative to replace expensive platinum-based catalysts for the HER because MoS_(2)has a high inherent activity, low cost, and abundant reserves. At present, greatly improved activity and stability are urgently needed for MoS_(2)to enable wide deployment of water electrolysis devices. In this regard, efficient strategies for precisely modifying MoS_(2)are of interest. Herein, the progress made with MoS_(2)as an HER catalyst is reviewed, with a focus on modification strategies, including phase engineering, morphology design, defect engineering, heteroatom doping, and heterostructure construction. It is believed that these strategies will be helpful in designing and developing high-performance and low-cost MoS2-based catalysts by lowering the charge transfer barrier, increasing the active site density, and optimizing the surface hydrophilicity. In addition, the challenges of MoS_(2)electrocatalysts and perspectives for future research and development of these catalysts are discussed.

Green hydrogen production by intermediate-temperature protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells:Advances,challenges,and perspectives

Protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells(P-SOECs)operating at intermediate temperatures,which have low costs,low environmental impact,and high theoretical electrolysis efficiency,are considered promising next-generation energy conversion devices for green hydrogen production.However,the developments and applications of P-SOECs are restricted by numerous material-and interface-related issues,including carrier mismatch between the anode and electrolyte,current leakage in the electrolyte,poor interfacial contact,and chemical stability.Over the past few decades,considerable attempts have been made to address these issues by improving the properties of P-SOECs.This review comprehensively explores the recent advances in the mechanisms governing steam electrolysis in P-SOECs,optimization strategies,specially designed components,electrochemical performance,and durability.In particular,given that the lack of suitable anode materials has significantly impeded P-SOEC development,the relationships between the transferred carriers and the cell performance,reaction models,and surface decoration approaches are meticulously probed.Finally,the challenges hindering P-SOEC development are discussed and recommendations for future research directions,including theoretical calculations and simulations,structural modification approaches,and large-scale single-cell fabrication,are proposed to stimulate research on P-SOECs and thereby realize efficient electricity-to-hydrogen conversion.

发展援助型智库的自主性困境——以日本JICA研究所为例

由于议题特性,国际知名的“发展援助型智库”普遍具有官方或半官方的背景.国际协力机构研究所(JICA研究所)是日本典型的“政府系智库”,也是亚洲“发展援助型智库”的成功典范.在实践中,JICA研究所较为有效地应对了这一身份悖论导致的自主性困境:通过遵循国际惯例、重视学术质量,追求智库自主性;与此同时,努力平衡对主管行政机构的附属性.在日益激烈的全球发展援助制度竞争中,JICA研究所的成败得失对于中国的“一带一路”建设提供了诸多启示.

Vertically-interlaced NiFeP/MXene electrocatalyst with tunable electronic structure for high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction

Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)with decent oxygen evolution reaction(OER)activity have been extensively studied in the fields of energy storage and conversion.However,their poor conductivity,ease of agglomeration,and low intrinsic activity limit their practical application.To date,improvement of the intrinsic activity and stability of NiFe-LDHs through the introduction of heteroatoms or its combination with other conductive substrates to enhance their water-splitting performance has drawn increasing attention.In this study,vertically interlaced ternary phosphatised nickel/iron hybrids grown on the surface of titanium carbide flakes(NiFe P/MXene)were successfully synthesised through a hydrothermal reaction and phosphating calcination process.The optimised NiFe P/MXene exhibited a low overpotential of 286 m V at 10 m A cm^(-2) and a Tafel slope of 35 m V dec^(-1) for the OER,which exceeded the performance of several existing NiFe-based catalysts.NiFe P/MXene was further used as a water-splitting anode in an alkaline electrolyte,exhibiting a cell voltage of only 1.61 V to achieve a current density of 10 m A cm^(-2).Density functional theory(DFT)calculations revealed that the combination of MXene acting as a conductive substrate and the phosphating process can effectively tune the electronic structure and density of the electrocatalyst surface to promote the energy level of the d-band centre,resulting in an enhanced OER performance.This study provides a valuable guideline for designing high-performance MXenesupported NiFe-based OER catalysts.

Heterostructures of NiFe LDH hierarchically assembled on MoS_(2) nanosheets as high-efficiency electrocatalysts for overall water splitting

Typically,rational interfacial engineering can effectively modify the adsorption energy of active hydrogen molecules to improve water splitting efficiency.NiFe layered double hydroxide(NiFe LDH)composite,an efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalyst,suffers from slow hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)kinetics,restricting its application for overall water splitting.Herein,we construct the hierarchical MoS_(2)/NiFe LDH nanosheets with a heterogeneous interface used for HER and OER.Benefiting the hierarchical heterogeneous interface optimized hydrogen Gibbs free energy,tens of exposed active sites,rapid mass-and charge-transfer processes,the MoS_(2)/NiFe LDH displays a highly efficient synergistic electrocatalytic effect.The MoS_(2)/NiFe LDH electrode in 1 mol/L KOH exhibits excellent HER activity,only 98 mV overpotential at 10 mA/cm^(2).Significantly,when it assembled as anode and cathode for overall water splitting,only 1.61 V cell voltage was required to achieve 10 mA/cm^(2)with excellent durability(50 h).

Single-phase La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)Co_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3-δ) electrocatalyst as a triple H^(+)/O^(2-)/e^(-) conductor enabling high-performance intermediate-temperature water electrolysis

Hydrogen,especially the“green hydrogen”based on water electrolysis,is of great importance to build a sustainable society due to its high-energy-density,zero-carbon-emission features,and wide-range applications.Today's water electrolysis is usually carried out in either low-temperature(<100℃),e.g.,alkaline electrolyzer,or high-temperature(>700℃)applications,e.g.,solid oxide electrolyzer.However,the low-temperature devices usually suffer from high applied voltages(usually>1.5 V@0.01 A cm^(-2))and high cost;meanwhile,the high-temperature ones have an unsatisfied lifetime partially due to the incompatibility among components.Reasonably,an intermediate-temperature device,namely,proton ceramic cell(PCC),has been recently proposed.The widely-used air electrode for PCC is based on double O^(2-)/e^(-)conductor or composited O^(2-)/e^(-)-H^(+)conductor,limiting the accessible reaction region.Herein,we designed a single-phase La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)Co_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3-δ)(LSCM)with triple H^(+)/O^(2-)/e^(-)conductivity as the air electrode for PCCs.Specifically,the La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)Co_(0.8)Mn_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(LSCM8282)incorporates 5.8%proton carriers in molar fraction at 400℃,indicating superior proton conducting ability.Impressively,a high current density of 1580 mA cm^(-2) for hydrogen production(water electrolysis)is achieved at 1.3 V and 650℃,surpassing most low-and high-temperature devices reported so far.Meanwhile,such a PCC can also be operated under a reversible fuel cell mode,with a peak power density of 521 mW cm^(-2) at 650℃.By correlating the electrochemical performances with the hydrated proton concentration of single-phase triple conducting air electrodes in this work and our previous work,a principle for rational design of high-performance PCCs is proposed.