Ultrafast transmission electron microscope(UTEM) with the multimodality of time-resolved diffraction, imaging,and spectroscopy provides a unique platform to reveal the fundamental features associated with the interact...Ultrafast transmission electron microscope(UTEM) with the multimodality of time-resolved diffraction, imaging,and spectroscopy provides a unique platform to reveal the fundamental features associated with the interaction between free electrons and matter. In this review, we summarize the principles, instrumentation, and recent developments of the UTEM and its applications in capturing dynamic processes and non-equilibrium transient states. The combination of the transmission electron microscope with a femtosecond laser via the pump–probe method guarantees the high spatiotemporal resolution, allowing the investigation of the transient process in real, reciprocal and energy spaces. Ultrafast structural dynamics can be studied by diffraction and imaging methods, revealing the coherent acoustic phonon generation and photoinduced phase transition process. In the energy dimension, time-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy enables the examination of the intrinsic electronic dynamics of materials, while the photon-induced near-field electron microscopy extends the application of the UTEM to the imaging of optical near fields with high real-space resolution. It is noted that light–free-electron interactions have the ability to shape electron wave packets in both longitudinal and transverse directions, showing the potential application in the generation of attosecond electron pulses and vortex electron beams.展开更多
Recent progress in deep learning is essentially based on a“big data for small tasks”paradigm,under which massive amounts of data are used to train a classifier for a single narrow task.In this paper,we call for a sh...Recent progress in deep learning is essentially based on a“big data for small tasks”paradigm,under which massive amounts of data are used to train a classifier for a single narrow task.In this paper,we call for a shift that flips this paradigm upside down.Specifically,we propose a“small data for big tasks”paradigm,wherein a single artificial intelligence(AI)system is challenged to develop“common sense,”enabling it to solve a wide range of tasks with little training data.We illustrate the potential power of this new paradigm by reviewing models of common sense that synthesize recent breakthroughs in both machine and human vision.We identify functionality,physics,intent,causality,and utility(FPICU)as the five core domains of cognitive AI with humanlike common sense.When taken as a unified concept,FPICU is concerned with the questions of“why”and“how,”beyond the dominant“what”and“where”framework for understanding vision.They are invisible in terms of pixels but nevertheless drive the creation,maintenance,and development of visual scenes.We therefore coin them the“dark matter”of vision.Just as our universe cannot be understood by merely studying observable matter,we argue that vision cannot be understood without studying FPICU.We demonstrate the power of this perspective to develop cognitive AI systems with humanlike common sense by showing how to observe and apply FPICU with little training data to solve a wide range of challenging tasks,including tool use,planning,utility inference,and social learning.In summary,we argue that the next generation of AI must embrace“dark”humanlike common sense for solving novel tasks.展开更多
BACKGROUND：Mailuoning, a Chinese herb, has been widely used in China to treat acute ischemic stroke, and the major component exhibits anti-oxidative effects. However, the precise anti-oxidation pathway remains uncert...BACKGROUND：Mailuoning, a Chinese herb, has been widely used in China to treat acute ischemic stroke, and the major component exhibits anti-oxidative effects. However, the precise anti-oxidation pathway remains uncertain.OBJECTIVE：To validate the protective effects of Mailuoning on H202-induced primary cortical neuron injury in embryonic mice.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING：Comparative observation and in v#ro experiments were performed at the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine from January 2008 to September 2009.MATERIALS：Mailuoning （Nanjing Jinling Medical Company, China）, reactive oxygen species （ROS） kit （Beyotime Biotechnology, China）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, Cu/Zn SOD kit, malondialdehyde （MDA） kits （Nanjing Jiancheng, China）, mitochondrial membrane potential （GMS10013.1, GENMED, USA） and catalase activity assay kit （Beyotime Biotechnology, China） were utilized for the present study.METHODS：Mouse embryonic cortical neurons were isolated and cultured with culture medium containing H2O2 （80 μmol/L） and/or Mailuoning （1.25 μg/mL） for 24 hours.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：Neuronal viability and death were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazdium and flow cytometry; ROS production was determined by flow cytometry; mitochondriai membrane potential was detected using fluorescent staining; SOD activity was detected using a modified nitroblue tetrazolium method; Cu/Zn SOD and catalase activity was detected by spectrophotometry; and MDA was determined using the lipid peroxidation method.RESULTS：H2O2 increased ROS production and MDA concentration （P 〈 0.05）, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, SOD, Cu/Zn SOD and catalase activity （P 〈 0.05）; the number of surviving neurons （P 〈 0.05） was also reduced. Mai/uoning reversed these changes.CONCLUSION：Mailuoning protects H2O2-induced injury in cortical cells by inhibiting ROS and MDA, increasing depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, and enhancing SOD and catalase activity.展开更多
Low visibility episodes (visibility < 1000 m) were studied by applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method. A regional episode of low visibility associated with a coastal fog that occurred from 27 to 28 Janua...Low visibility episodes (visibility < 1000 m) were studied by applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method. A regional episode of low visibility associated with a coastal fog that occurred from 27 to 28 January 2016 over Ningbo- Zhoushan Port, Zhejiang Province, East China, was first examined. Some basic features from the anomalous weather analysis for this case were identified:(1) the process of low visibility mainly caused by coastal fog was a direct response to anomalous temperature inversion in the lower troposphere, with a warm center around the 925 hPa level, which was formed by a positive geopotential height (GPH) anomaly in the upper troposphere and a negative GPH anomaly near the surface;(2) the positive humidity anomaly was conducive to the formation of coastal fog and rain;(3) regional coastal fog formed at the moment when the southwesterly wind anomalies transferred to northeasterly wind anomalies. Other cases confirmed that the low visibility associated with coastal fog depends upon low-level inversion, a positive humidity anomaly, and a change of wind anomalies from southwesterly to northeasterly, rain and stratus cloud amount. The correlation coefficients of six-hourly inversion, 850?925-hPa-averaged temperature, GPH and humidity anomalies against visibility are ?0.31, 0.40 and ?0.48, respectively, reaching the 99% confidence level in the first half-years of 2015 and 2016. By applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method to medium-range model output products, such as ensemble prediction systems, the anomalous temperature?pressure pattern and humidity?wind pattern can be used to predict the process of low visibility associated with coastal fog at several days in advance.展开更多
Energy consumption of the EU has a crucial environmental impact;several efforts are nowadays thus directed into massively reducing energy consumption by envelope improvement,system efficiency and smart control.On the ...Energy consumption of the EU has a crucial environmental impact;several efforts are nowadays thus directed into massively reducing energy consumption by envelope improvement,system efficiency and smart control.On the other hand,the indoor thermal and lighting conditions significantly influence users’wellbeing and productivity,which is especially important when dealing with educational and working facilities.Strategies to enhance system efficiency are focused on design and construction aspects.These strategies ease to promote a powerful approach which is needed when focusing on existing buildings in need of retrofit measures.When dealing with new or refurbished buildings,energy saving has a further step to achieve.In the last years,research trends moved towards an increasing inclusion of human factors in energy evaluation.This allows to account for the occupancy variability in the energy analyses,considering how to bridge the performance gap between predictive models and actual consumptions due to indoor thermal settings.In empty buildings energy consumption is huge and economic efforts are wasted,due to unconscious energy-wasting behaviors.Previous studies with Interactive Virtual Environments confirmed that indoor environments illuminated by different color lights lead to the perception of different levels of thermal comfort.The results of the present paper replicate previous evidence collected in real conditions,suggesting that Virtual Reality is a valid and reliable tool to assess thermal comfort more quickly and cheaply.This paper provides a further perspective on this topic,including also the use of different fragrances to understand how the indoor environment could be enhanced and manipulated to increase wellbeing,thermal perception and finally energy saving.展开更多
Unraveling the molecular mechanisms for COVID-19-associated encephalopathy and its immunopathology is crucial for developing effective treatments.Here,we utilized single-cell transcriptomic analysis and integrated cli...Unraveling the molecular mechanisms for COVID-19-associated encephalopathy and its immunopathology is crucial for developing effective treatments.Here,we utilized single-cell transcriptomic analysis and integrated clinical observations and laboratory examination to dissect the host immune responses and reveal pathological mechanisms in COVID-19-associated pediatric encephalopathy.We found that lymphopenia was a prominent characteristic of immune perturbation in COVID-19 patients with encephalopathy,especially those with acute necrotizing encephalopathy(AE).This was characterized a marked reduction of various lymphocytes(e.g.,CD8^(+)T and CD4^(+)T cells)and significant increases in other inflammatory cells(e.g.,monocytes).Further analysis revealed activation of multiple cell apoptosis pathways(e.g.,granzyme/perforin-,FAS-and TNF-induced apoptosis)may be responsible for lymphopenia.A systemic S100A12 upregulation,primarily from classical monocytes,may have contributed to cytokine storms in patients with AE.A dysregulated type I interferon(IFN)response was observed which may have further exacerbated the S100A12-driven inflammation in patients with AE.In COVID-19 patients with AE,myeloid cells(e.g.,monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells)were the likely contributors to immune paralysis.Finally,the immune landscape in COVID-19 patients with encephalopathy,especially for AE,were also characterized by NK and T cells with widespread exhaustion,higher cytotoxic scores and inflammatory response as well as a dysregulated B cell-mediated humoral immune response.Taken together,this comprehensive data provides a detailed resource for elucidating immunopathogenesis and will aid development of effective COVID-19-associated pediatric encephalopathy treatments,especially for those with AE.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.U22A6005 and 12074408)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2021YFA1301502)+7 种基金Guangdong Major Scientific Research Project (Grant No.2018KZDXM061)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS (Grant No.2021009)Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos.YJKYYQ20200055,ZDKYYQ2017000,and 22017BA10)Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos.XDB25000000 and XDB33010100)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.Z201100001820006)IOP Hundred Talents Program (Grant No.Y9K5051)Postdoctoral Support Program of China (Grant No.2020M670501)the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility (SECUF)。
文摘Ultrafast transmission electron microscope(UTEM) with the multimodality of time-resolved diffraction, imaging,and spectroscopy provides a unique platform to reveal the fundamental features associated with the interaction between free electrons and matter. In this review, we summarize the principles, instrumentation, and recent developments of the UTEM and its applications in capturing dynamic processes and non-equilibrium transient states. The combination of the transmission electron microscope with a femtosecond laser via the pump–probe method guarantees the high spatiotemporal resolution, allowing the investigation of the transient process in real, reciprocal and energy spaces. Ultrafast structural dynamics can be studied by diffraction and imaging methods, revealing the coherent acoustic phonon generation and photoinduced phase transition process. In the energy dimension, time-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy enables the examination of the intrinsic electronic dynamics of materials, while the photon-induced near-field electron microscopy extends the application of the UTEM to the imaging of optical near fields with high real-space resolution. It is noted that light–free-electron interactions have the ability to shape electron wave packets in both longitudinal and transverse directions, showing the potential application in the generation of attosecond electron pulses and vortex electron beams.
文摘Recent progress in deep learning is essentially based on a“big data for small tasks”paradigm,under which massive amounts of data are used to train a classifier for a single narrow task.In this paper,we call for a shift that flips this paradigm upside down.Specifically,we propose a“small data for big tasks”paradigm,wherein a single artificial intelligence(AI)system is challenged to develop“common sense,”enabling it to solve a wide range of tasks with little training data.We illustrate the potential power of this new paradigm by reviewing models of common sense that synthesize recent breakthroughs in both machine and human vision.We identify functionality,physics,intent,causality,and utility(FPICU)as the five core domains of cognitive AI with humanlike common sense.When taken as a unified concept,FPICU is concerned with the questions of“why”and“how,”beyond the dominant“what”and“where”framework for understanding vision.They are invisible in terms of pixels but nevertheless drive the creation,maintenance,and development of visual scenes.We therefore coin them the“dark matter”of vision.Just as our universe cannot be understood by merely studying observable matter,we argue that vision cannot be understood without studying FPICU.We demonstrate the power of this perspective to develop cognitive AI systems with humanlike common sense by showing how to observe and apply FPICU with little training data to solve a wide range of challenging tasks,including tool use,planning,utility inference,and social learning.In summary,we argue that the next generation of AI must embrace“dark”humanlike common sense for solving novel tasks.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Program Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China,No. 20060284044the Outstanding Medical Scholar Program of Jiangsu Province,No. RC2007006the Medical Science and Technology Development Program of Nanjing,No. YKK08070
文摘BACKGROUND：Mailuoning, a Chinese herb, has been widely used in China to treat acute ischemic stroke, and the major component exhibits anti-oxidative effects. However, the precise anti-oxidation pathway remains uncertain.OBJECTIVE：To validate the protective effects of Mailuoning on H202-induced primary cortical neuron injury in embryonic mice.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING：Comparative observation and in v#ro experiments were performed at the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine from January 2008 to September 2009.MATERIALS：Mailuoning （Nanjing Jinling Medical Company, China）, reactive oxygen species （ROS） kit （Beyotime Biotechnology, China）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, Cu/Zn SOD kit, malondialdehyde （MDA） kits （Nanjing Jiancheng, China）, mitochondrial membrane potential （GMS10013.1, GENMED, USA） and catalase activity assay kit （Beyotime Biotechnology, China） were utilized for the present study.METHODS：Mouse embryonic cortical neurons were isolated and cultured with culture medium containing H2O2 （80 μmol/L） and/or Mailuoning （1.25 μg/mL） for 24 hours.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：Neuronal viability and death were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazdium and flow cytometry; ROS production was determined by flow cytometry; mitochondriai membrane potential was detected using fluorescent staining; SOD activity was detected using a modified nitroblue tetrazolium method; Cu/Zn SOD and catalase activity was detected by spectrophotometry; and MDA was determined using the lipid peroxidation method.RESULTS：H2O2 increased ROS production and MDA concentration （P 〈 0.05）, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, SOD, Cu/Zn SOD and catalase activity （P 〈 0.05）; the number of surviving neurons （P 〈 0.05） was also reduced. Mai/uoning reversed these changes.CONCLUSION：Mailuoning protects H2O2-induced injury in cortical cells by inhibiting ROS and MDA, increasing depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, and enhancing SOD and catalase activity.
基金financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41775067)
文摘Low visibility episodes (visibility < 1000 m) were studied by applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method. A regional episode of low visibility associated with a coastal fog that occurred from 27 to 28 January 2016 over Ningbo- Zhoushan Port, Zhejiang Province, East China, was first examined. Some basic features from the anomalous weather analysis for this case were identified:(1) the process of low visibility mainly caused by coastal fog was a direct response to anomalous temperature inversion in the lower troposphere, with a warm center around the 925 hPa level, which was formed by a positive geopotential height (GPH) anomaly in the upper troposphere and a negative GPH anomaly near the surface;(2) the positive humidity anomaly was conducive to the formation of coastal fog and rain;(3) regional coastal fog formed at the moment when the southwesterly wind anomalies transferred to northeasterly wind anomalies. Other cases confirmed that the low visibility associated with coastal fog depends upon low-level inversion, a positive humidity anomaly, and a change of wind anomalies from southwesterly to northeasterly, rain and stratus cloud amount. The correlation coefficients of six-hourly inversion, 850?925-hPa-averaged temperature, GPH and humidity anomalies against visibility are ?0.31, 0.40 and ?0.48, respectively, reaching the 99% confidence level in the first half-years of 2015 and 2016. By applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method to medium-range model output products, such as ensemble prediction systems, the anomalous temperature?pressure pattern and humidity?wind pattern can be used to predict the process of low visibility associated with coastal fog at several days in advance.
文摘Energy consumption of the EU has a crucial environmental impact;several efforts are nowadays thus directed into massively reducing energy consumption by envelope improvement,system efficiency and smart control.On the other hand,the indoor thermal and lighting conditions significantly influence users’wellbeing and productivity,which is especially important when dealing with educational and working facilities.Strategies to enhance system efficiency are focused on design and construction aspects.These strategies ease to promote a powerful approach which is needed when focusing on existing buildings in need of retrofit measures.When dealing with new or refurbished buildings,energy saving has a further step to achieve.In the last years,research trends moved towards an increasing inclusion of human factors in energy evaluation.This allows to account for the occupancy variability in the energy analyses,considering how to bridge the performance gap between predictive models and actual consumptions due to indoor thermal settings.In empty buildings energy consumption is huge and economic efforts are wasted,due to unconscious energy-wasting behaviors.Previous studies with Interactive Virtual Environments confirmed that indoor environments illuminated by different color lights lead to the perception of different levels of thermal comfort.The results of the present paper replicate previous evidence collected in real conditions,suggesting that Virtual Reality is a valid and reliable tool to assess thermal comfort more quickly and cheaply.This paper provides a further perspective on this topic,including also the use of different fragrances to understand how the indoor environment could be enhanced and manipulated to increase wellbeing,thermal perception and finally energy saving.
基金This work was supported by grants from National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFC2301101,2021YFC2301102)Special Fund of the Pediatric Medical Coordinated Development Center of Beijing Hospitals Authority(XTCX201820)+3 种基金Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research(No.2020-2-2094)Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research(2022-2-1132)Beijing Hospitals Authority's Ascent Plan(DFL20221102)Public service development and reform pilot project of Beijing Medical Research Institute(BMR2021-3).Laurence Don Wai Luu was supported by a UTS Chancellor's Postdoctoral Research Fellowship.
文摘Unraveling the molecular mechanisms for COVID-19-associated encephalopathy and its immunopathology is crucial for developing effective treatments.Here,we utilized single-cell transcriptomic analysis and integrated clinical observations and laboratory examination to dissect the host immune responses and reveal pathological mechanisms in COVID-19-associated pediatric encephalopathy.We found that lymphopenia was a prominent characteristic of immune perturbation in COVID-19 patients with encephalopathy,especially those with acute necrotizing encephalopathy(AE).This was characterized a marked reduction of various lymphocytes(e.g.,CD8^(+)T and CD4^(+)T cells)and significant increases in other inflammatory cells(e.g.,monocytes).Further analysis revealed activation of multiple cell apoptosis pathways(e.g.,granzyme/perforin-,FAS-and TNF-induced apoptosis)may be responsible for lymphopenia.A systemic S100A12 upregulation,primarily from classical monocytes,may have contributed to cytokine storms in patients with AE.A dysregulated type I interferon(IFN)response was observed which may have further exacerbated the S100A12-driven inflammation in patients with AE.In COVID-19 patients with AE,myeloid cells(e.g.,monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells)were the likely contributors to immune paralysis.Finally,the immune landscape in COVID-19 patients with encephalopathy,especially for AE,were also characterized by NK and T cells with widespread exhaustion,higher cytotoxic scores and inflammatory response as well as a dysregulated B cell-mediated humoral immune response.Taken together,this comprehensive data provides a detailed resource for elucidating immunopathogenesis and will aid development of effective COVID-19-associated pediatric encephalopathy treatments,especially for those with AE.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52001102 and 91963123)the Ten Thousand Talents Plan of Zhejiang Province of China(2018R52003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial University of Zhejiang(GK199900299012-022)。
