Sandfly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini in the lowland foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Somali Regional State, southeast Ethiopia

Objective:To identify the sandfly fauna and analyze ecology of sandfly vector(s)of visceral leishmaniasis in three districts of Somali Regional State,southeast Ethiopia.Methods:Sandflies were collected from four sampling habitats,including indoor,peri-domestic,farm field and mixed forest using light and sticky traps in July 2016,and February and April 2017 in Liben and Dawa zones in the Somali Regional State,southeastern Ethiopia.Results:In total,4367 sandfly specimens,belonging to 12 species(three Phlebotomus spp.and nine Sergentomyia spp.)were identified.Phlebotomus(P.)heischi,P.orientalis,and P.martini constituted 45.7%,31.1%,and 23.1%of the sandfly collection,respectively.There were significant differences in the median number of P.orientalis,and P.martini captured per CDC trap/night between the three sampling districts(P<0.05).In light trap capture,collection habitats had significant effects on the abundance of P.orientalis,and P.martini(P<0.05).More median numbers of P.orientalis,and P.martini species were collected in agricultural fields followed by mixed forest and peri-domestic habitats.P.orientalis and P.martini were caught more in outdoor than indoor habitats,suggesting exophilic behaviour.Conclusions:The study demonstrated that the presence of P.orientalis and P.martini are probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in this new focus.The findings of our study will improve the understanding of the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis transmission and will facilitate the implementation of integrated disease control measures based on ecological knowledge of visceral leishmaniasis vector in Liben and Dawa zones and its surrounding regions.

Malaria epidemiology and stratification of incidence in the malaria elimination setting in Harari Region,Eastern Ethiopia

Background: Ethiopia has shown notable progress in reducing the burden of malaria over the past two decades.Because of this progress,the country has shifted efforts from control to elimination of malaria.This study was conducted to analyse the malaria epidemiology and stratification of incidence in the malaria elimination setting in eastern Ethiopia.Methods:: A retrospective study was conducted to analyse the epidemiology of malaria by reviewing the district health office data from 2013 to 2019 in Harari Region.In addition,three years of sub-district level malaria data were used to stratify the malaria transmission intensity.Malaria interventions(Long-lasting insecticidal nets[LLIN]and indoor residual spraying[IRS])employed were reviewed to analyse the intervention coverage at the Regional level.Descriptive statistics were used to show the malaria transmission in terms of years,season and species of the malaria parasite.Incidence rate per 1000 population and death rate per 1000000 population at risk were computed using the total population of each year.Results: In the Harari Region,malaria incidence showed a more pronounced declining trend from 2017 to 2019.Plasmodium falciparum,P.vivax and mixed infections accounted for 69.2%,30.6%and 0.2%of the cases,respectively.There was an increment in malaria intervention coverage and improved malaria diagnosis.In the year 2019 the coverage of LLIN and IRS in the Region were 93.4%and 85.1%respectively.The annual malaria incidence rate dropped from 42.9 cases per 1000 population in 2013 to 6.7 cases per 1000 population in 2019.Malaria-related deaths decreased from 4.7 deaths per 1000000 people annually in 2013 to zero,and there have been no deaths reported since 2015.The malaria risk appears to be heterogeneous and varies between districts.A higher number of malaria cases were recorded in Erer and Jenella districts,which constitute 62%of the cases in the Region.According to the sub-district level malaria stratification,there was shrinkage in the malaria transmission map and about 70%of the sub-districts have achieved elimination targets.Conclusions: In the Harari Region,malaria morbidity and mortality have been significantly declined.Thus,if this achievement is sustained and scaling-up of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies by focusing on those populations living in the higher malaria transmission districts and sub-districts,planning of malaria elimination from the study area might be feasible.