A statistical analysis of the Kappa-type energy spectrum distribution of radiation belt electrons observed by Van Allen Probes

The energy spectrum of energetic electrons is a key factor representing the dynamic variations of Earth’s Van Allen radiation belts.Increased measurements have indicated that the commonly used Maxwellian and Kappa distributions are inadequate for capturing the realistic spectral distributions of radiation belt electrons.Here we adopt the Kappa-type(KT)distribution as the fitting function and perform a statistical analysis to investigate the radiation belt electron flux spectra observed by the Van Allen Probes.By calculating the optimal values of the key KT distribution parameters(i.e.,κandθ2)from the observed spectral shapes,we fit the radiation belt electron fluxes at different L-shells under different geomagnetic conditions.In this manner,we obtain typical values of the KT distribution parameters,which are statistically feasible for modeling the radiation belt electron flux profiles during either geomagnetically quiet or active periods.A comparison of the KT distribution model results with those using the Maxwellian or Kappa distribution reveals the advantage of the KT distribution for studying the overall properties of the radiation belt electron spectral distribution,which has important implications for deepening the current understanding of the radiation belt electron dynamics under evolving geomagnetic conditions.

Factors Influencing Pleural Effusion after Fontan Operation:an Analysis with 95 Patients

Objective To investigate the association between preoperative,operative,and postoperative factors and persistent pleural effusion after the extracardiac Fontan procedure. Methods Ninety-five consecutive patients diagnosed with univentricular heart underwent extracardiac connection using Gore-Tax conduits at the Department of Children’s Heart Centre,Justus-Liebig-University Giessen in Germany from June 1996 to July 2007. The outcome measures were duration and volume of chest tube drainage after surgical intervention. The investigated factors included age and weight at the time of operation,anatomical diagnosis,preoperative oxygen saturation,mean pulmonary artery pressure,ventricular end-diastolic pressure,fenestration,cardiopulmonary bypass time,conduit size,postoperative pulmonary artery pressure,administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,and postoperative infection. Associations between these factors and persistent pleural effusion after the extracardiac Fontan procedure were analyzed. Results Every patient suffered postoperative effusion. The median duration of postoperative chest tube drainage was 9 days (range,3-69 days),and the median volume was 12 mL·kg-1·d-1 (range,2.0-37.5 mL·kg-1·d-1). Thirty-seven (38.9%) patients had pleural drainage for more than 15 days,and the volume in 35 (36.8%) patients exceeded 25 mL·kg-1·d-1. Nineteen (20%) patients required placement of additional chest tubes for re-accumulation of pleural effusion after removal of previous chest tubes. Fifteen (17.8%) patients were hospitalized again due to pleural effusion after discharge. The median length of hospital stay after the operation was 14 days (range,4-78 days). Multivariate analysis results showed that non-fenestration,low preoperative oxygen saturation,and postoperative infections were independent risk factors for prolonged duration of pleural drainage (P<0.05). Long cardiopulmonary bypass time,non-fenestration,small conduit size,and low preoperative oxygen saturation were independent risk factors for excessive volume of pleural drainage (P<0.05).Conclusions For reduing postoperative duration and volume of pleural drainage following Fontan procedure,it seems to be important to improve the preoperative oxygen saturation,use large size of conduit,shorten cardiopulmonary bypass time,and make fenestration during the operation,as well as avoid postoperative infections.

A data assimilation-based forecast model of outer radiation belt electron fluxes

Because radiation belt electrons can pose a potential threat to the safety of satellites orbiting in space,it is of great importance to develop a reliable model that can predict the highly dynamic variations in outer radiation belt electron fluxes.In the present study,we develop a forecast model of radiation belt electron fluxes based on the data assimilation method,in terms of Van Allen Probe measurements combined with three-dimensional radiation belt numerical simulations.Our forecast model can cover the entire outer radiation belt with a high temporal resolution(1 hour)and a spatial resolution of 0.25 L over a wide range of both electron energy(0.1-5.0 MeV)and pitch angle(5°-90°).On the basis of this model,we forecast hourly electron fluxes for the next 1,2,and 3 days during an intense geomagnetic storm and evaluate the corresponding prediction performance.Our model can reasonably predict the stormtime evolution of radiation belt electrons with high prediction efficiency(up to~0.8-1).The best prediction performance is found for~0.3-3 MeV electrons at L=~3.25-4.5,which extends to higher L and lower energies with increasing pitch angle.Our results demonstrate that the forecast model developed can be a powerful tool to predict the spatiotemporal changes in outer radiation belt electron fluxes,and the model has both scientific significance and practical implications.

Modeling the energetic electron fluxes in the inner radiation belt based on a drift-source model

The Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1),designed by the Macao University of Science and Technology and the National Space Science Center(NSSC)of China,is equipped to detect the fine structure of the magnetic field over the South Atlantic Anomaly(SAA)region,monitoring geomagnetic field variations,and obtaining the energetic electron spectrum distributions in the Earth’s inner radiation belt.In this study,we simulate the distributions of trapped,quasi-trapped,and untrapped electrons along the orbit of MSS-1 based on a drift-source model.The simulation results show that the particle detector with 90°looking direction can observe trapped electrons in the SAA region,untrapped electrons in the regions conjugated with the SAA region at the north hemisphere,and quasitrapped electrons in all other regions.In contrast,the detectors with<60°looking directions can measure only untrapped electrons.Generally,quasi-trapped electron fluxes accumulate along the drift trajectory and are due primarily to CRAND,until reaching the SAA region where quasi-trapped electrons are all lost into the atmosphere.

Proton pitch angle distributions in the Martian induced magnetosphere: A survey of Tianwen-1 Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer observations

The pitch angle distributions of ions and electrons can be affected by various processes;thus,they can serve as an important indicator of the physical mechanisms driving the dynamics of space plasmas.From observations from the Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer onboard the Tianwen-1 orbiter,we calculated the pitch angle distributions of protons in the Martian induced magnetosphere by using information from the magnetohydrodynamically simulated magnetic field,and we statistically analyzed the spatial occurrence pattern of different types of pitch angle distributions.Even though no symmetrical features were seen in the dataset,we found the dominance of the field-aligned distribution type over the energy range from 188 to 6232 eV.Maps of the occurrence rate showed the preferential presence of a trapped-like distribution at the lower altitudes of the surveyed nightside region.Although our results are more or less restricted by the adopted magnetic field,they indicate the complexity of the near-Mars proton pitch angle distributions and infer the possibility of wave–particle interactions in the Martian induced magnetosphere.

The role and research progress of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head(NONFH)is one of the most common orthopedic diseases,influenced by multiple signaling pathways and inflammatory factors.The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is closely related to various biological processes such as apoptosis,autophagy,and metabolism in cells.Increasing evidence suggests that it plays an important role in the development of femoral head necrosis.This paper aims to explore the mechanism of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NONFH by analyzing its regulation of lipid metabolism,cell apoptosis and autophagy,and intravascular coagulation.This study provides new insights for the research of NONFH.

航空发动机数值缩放技术的研究进展

航空发动机整机和部件仿真是航空发动机设计与研究的常规手段,是短周期研制先进水平航空发动机的重要环节和手段。数值缩放技术可以将基于高精度模型求解的部件特性用于整机性能分析,在有限的计算资源下提高航空发动机整机仿真精度,是实现航空发动机整机和部件高精度仿真的关键技术之一。同时数值缩放技术可以使部件设计在航空发动机整机环境中得到快速、全面的评估与分析,提高航空发动机设计的可信度,降低开发成本与周期。梳理了国内外航空发动机数值仿真技术的发展趋势,回顾了数值缩放技术的发展及在实际研究中的应用情况,分析、总结了数值缩放技术的三种实现方法及现阶段数值缩放技术应用中存在的问题,提出了我国数值缩放技术发展需重点关注的方向。

基于气温订正的北京山桃花花期预测改进

基于北京市丰台区气象站2009—2018年地面观测资料和2020、2021年3月丰台区预报资料,配合气温精细化订正,应用SW物候模型,对2020年、2021年北京丰台区北宫森林公园、千灵山风景区山桃花始花期进行了预测试验。试验结果表明:提前10 d预测的结果和自然条件下的实况值偏差为1~2 d,提前一周左右可较为准确地预测山桃花始花期。结合气象因子对前期气温预报值进行精细化订正,可提高SW物候模型用于观赏植物观赏期预测的适用性,得到较为准确的花期预测值,并可在花期观赏相关的旅游气象服务业务中进行推广应用。

系统软件安全专题前言

系统软件是控制和协调计算机底层硬件及外部设备、支持应用软件开发和运行的系统核心基础软件,涵盖了操作系统、编程语言、编译器、解释器、数据库、运行时环境、集成开发环境等.随着人工智能、物联网、区块链、系统编程语言、云计算、开源指令集等领域的快速发展,相关系统软件的安全问题大量涌现,比如利用CPU预测执行的Meltdown“熔断”和Spectre“幽灵”攻击、利用软件供应链发起的后门攻击和漏洞攻击.发现、缓解和防御系统软件存在的安全风险与问题,对于保障各类计算机系统的安全至关重要.

核心机驱动风扇级气动参数径向分布对变循环发动机性能的影响

为了考虑部件流动细节对发动机性能的影响,采用迭代耦合方法建立了变循环发动机(Variable cycle engine,VCE)多维仿真模型。在VCE多维仿真模型中,核心机驱动风扇级(Core driven fan stage,CDFS)三维仿真模型的结果以流量修正因子、压比修正因子和等熵效率修正因子的形式反馈给VCE零维仿真模型,对CDFS的特性图进行修正。在考虑CDFS气动参数径向分布的影响时,根据CDFS涵道比及三维仿真结果,计算CDFS内、外涵的流量、压比及等熵效率,同时在VCE零维仿真模型中以CDFS外涵特性图的辅助变量β值取代CDFS涵道比作为迭代变量。结果表明:在VIGV角度为15°时,外涵区域的压比低于内涵区域的压比;而在VIGV角度为40°时,叶尖区域的流动分离更为严重,导致转子进口的攻角增大,转子叶尖区域的负荷加重,外涵区域的压比高于内涵区域的压比;CDFS气动参数径向分布对VCE性能有较为明显的影响,CDFS较高的内涵压比及较低的外涵压比可使发动机核心流流量增大及总增压比升高,进而引起发动机推力的增大,推力最大变化为1.75%。

核心机驱动风扇级二维仿真模型与变循环发动机零维仿真模型耦合方法的研究

为了提高变循环发动机(VCE)零维仿真模型的可靠性和精度,建立了核心机驱动风扇级(CDFS)二维仿真模型,基于完全耦合方法,将CDFS二维仿真模型耦合于VCE零维仿真模型,发展了VCE多维度仿真模型,分析了VCE零维仿真模型与多维度仿真模型计算结果的差异,使用VCE多维度仿真模型,分析了CDFS气动参数径向非均匀分布对VCE性能的影响。结果表明,结合CDFS二维仿真模型对边界条件的要求,重新选取VCE仿真模型中的迭代变量和平衡方程,可以基于完全耦合方法建立VCE多维度仿真模型;与零维仿真模型相比,CDFS二维仿真模型考虑了部件几何参数等物理信息,可以为VCE循环参数分析提供更加真实的部件工作特性,并在功率平衡与流量平衡等条件的约束下引起其它部件工作点及VCE性能的变化;VCE零维仿真模型与多维度仿真模型所得推力的最大差异为2.99%;结合CDFS涵道比,可以将CDFS出口气动参数径向非均匀分布这一流动特性耦合到VCE循环参数分析中;VCE多维度仿真模型对迭代变量初值的选取提出了更高的要求,需要使用VCE零维仿真模型的解作为初值以保证收敛性。

不同维度缩放方法在航空发动机总体仿真中的应用

为了研究完全耦合和迭代耦合方法的实现途径及两种方法的差异,针对涡扇发动机,建立了风扇部件的二维仿真模型,发展了基于完全耦合和迭代耦合两种维度缩放方法的发动机多维度仿真模型,对比分析了两种方法在仿真结果、计算速度及可操作性等方面的差异,同时对比了基于部件通用特性图的发动机零维仿真模型与多维度仿真模型的计算结果。结果表明:采用完全耦合方法进行维度缩放时,需要结合部件二维仿真模型对边界条件的要求调整迭代变量,同时需使用发动机零维仿真模型的计算结果作为多维度仿真模型中迭代变量的迭代初值,才能保证模型的收敛性;采用迭代耦合方法进行维度缩放时只涉及部件二维仿真模型与发动机零维仿真模型之间的参数传递控制,更容易实现。在计算均收敛的情况下,基于完全耦合方法与迭代耦合方法的发动机模型的计算结果无明显差异,但后者的计算速度更快。与基准模型相比,基于部件通用特性图的发动机零维仿真模型计算得到的推力最大误差大于8.34%,而多维度仿真模型的推力和耗油率的误差均小于3%,多维度仿真模型可更准确地预估发动机性能。

啤酒酵母高级醇的代谢与调控研究进展

高级醇是啤酒酵母在啤酒酿造过程中代谢产生的,是啤酒风味物质的重要组成部分。适量的高级醇能赋予啤酒独特的香味,但其含量过高或者过低都会影响啤酒的质量。该文重点综述啤酒酵母中高级醇的生成途径、关键基因、代谢调控机理及选育低产高级醇优良菌株的主要方法,为适当降低啤酒中高级醇含量,进而推动啤酒行业的健康发展提供理论基础。

不同干燥方法对菌体蛋白氨基酸分离鉴定的影响

分别采用氮吹法、烘干法和真空冷冻干燥法对淀粉酶产色链霉菌的菌体蛋白氨基酸进行干燥处理,使用气相色谱与质谱联用对相应氨基酸衍生物的出峰时间及峰面积进行分析,结果表明,相较于氮吹法和烘干法,经真空冷冻干燥法预处理后,所需的16种氨基酸衍生物均可被检出,因此,真空冷冻干燥法是淀粉酶产色链霉菌中菌体蛋白氨基酸的可靠制备方法。该方法的建立为今后开展13C同位素代谢通量分析,深入阐明ε-聚赖氨酸生产机制,提供了技术保障。

边界条件对变循环发动机多维度仿真模型的影响研究

为了研究变循环发动机(Variable Cycle Engine,VCE)多维度仿真模型中整机零维仿真模型与核心机驱动风扇级(Core Driven Fan Stage,CDFS)三维仿真模型之间边界参数传递处理方式对计算结果的影响,建立了CDFS和前可变面积涵道引射器(Forward Variable Area Bypass Injector,FVABI)耦合三维仿真模型及CDFS单部件三维仿真模型,对比了CDFS工作特性及出口区域静压分布的差异,并采用迭代耦合方法将CDFS工作特性耦合于循环参数分析,研究了CDFS出口静压分布差异对VCE多维度仿真模型计算结果的影响。结果表明,耦合仿真模型中CDFS稳定工作范围随着内涵出口静压变化而变化,其数值喘振点的换算流量与CDFS单部件仿真模型存在明显的差异。FVABI部件的存在降低了内涵出口及FVABI出口的平均静压边界条件对CDFS出口区域静压分布的影响,而且CDFS内、外涵流量分配会显著影响CDFS出口区域的静压分布。因此,由耦合仿真模型得到的CDFS出口区域静压分布更为真实、合理。超声速巡航工况下,相较于在CDFS出口使用平均静压边界条件,VCE多维度仿真模型在使用真实静压分布之后,CDFS内涵压比和等熵效率基本不变,CDFS外涵压比和等熵效率分别降低了0.86%和2.27%,导致VCE推力升高了0.41%,且迭代次数大幅降低。

部件三维仿真模型与发动机循环参数分析的耦合方法研究

为了将基于部件三维仿真模型获取的部件工作特性耦合于发动机循环参数分析,提高整机性能预估的可信度,提出了改进完全耦合方法。结合核心机驱动风扇级(Core driven fan stage,CDFS)三维仿真模型和变循环发动机(Variable cycle engine,VCE)零维仿真模型,使用迭代耦合和改进完全耦合方法建立了VCE多维度仿真模型,研究了修正因子计算方法及边界参数松弛处理方法对VCE多维度仿真模型的影响,对比了迭代耦合与改进完全耦合方法的差异。结果表明,采用改进完全耦合方法时,直接将基于部件高保真度仿真模型得到的压比和等熵效率应用于发动机循环参数分析,可避免非线性方程组线性化过程对部件高保真度仿真模型的重复调用,同时计算过程不依赖于部件通用特性图。对于迭代耦合方法,采用优化方法或者常规方法计算修正因子的计算速度无明显差异。采用优化方法计算修正因子或者对边界参数进行松弛处理均可以抑制改进完全耦合方法中迭代残差的振荡,加速收敛。改进完全耦合方法与迭代耦合方法计算结果无明显差异,且在使用优化方法计算修正因子时收敛速度基本一致。

On the loss mechanisms of radiation belt electron dropouts during the 12 September 2014 geomagnetic storm

Radiation belt electron dropouts indicate electron flux decay to the background level during geomagnetic storms,which is commonly attributed to the effects of wave-induced pitch angle scattering and magnetopause shadowing.To investigate the loss mechanisms of radiation belt electron dropouts triggered by a solar wind dynamic pressure pulse event on 12 September 2014,we comprehensively analyzed the particle and wave measurements from Van Allen Probes.The dropout event was divided into three periods:before the storm,the initial phase of the storm,and the main phase of the storm.The electron pitch angle distributions(PADs)and electron flux dropouts during the initial and main phases of this storm were investigated,and the evolution of the radial profile of electron phase space density(PSD)and the(μ,K)dependence of electron PSD dropouts(whereμ,K,and L^*are the three adiabatic invariants)were analyzed.The energy-independent decay of electrons at L>4.5 was accompanied by butterfly PADs,suggesting that the magnetopause shadowing process may be the major loss mechanism during the initial phase of the storm at L>4.5.The features of electron dropouts and 90°-peaked PADs were observed only for>1 MeV electrons at L<4,indicating that the wave-induced scattering effect may dominate the electron loss processes at the lower L-shell during the main phase of the storm.Evaluations of the(μ,K)dependence of electron PSD drops and calculations of the minimum electron resonant energies of H+-band electromagnetic ion cyclotron(EMIC)waves support the scenario that the observed PSD drop peaks around L^*=3.9 may be caused mainly by the scattering of EMIC waves,whereas the drop peaks around L^*=4.6 may result from a combination of EMIC wave scattering and outward radial diffusion.

氨氮对淀粉酶产色链霉菌产ε-聚赖氨酸的影响

ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-poly-L-lysine,ε-PL)是一种新型广谱天然防腐剂。由于生产成本较高,价格昂贵,限制了其在食品工业上的广泛应用。为降低生产成本,研究了不同氨氮(NH4^+-N)浓度对淀粉酶产色链霉菌生产ε-聚赖氨酸的影响。摇瓶发酵试验结果表明,当NH+4-N初始质量浓度为0.5g/L时,提高了天冬氨酸激酶(aspartokinase,Ask)和聚赖氨酸合成酶(polylysine synthetase,Pls)的活力,发酵96h,ε-PL产量达到0.95g/L,与对照组相比提高了15.13%。5L发酵罐分批发酵和流加发酵实验确定了一种有效提高ε-PL产量的方法:初始NH4^+-N质量浓度2.5g/L,发酵过程中流加(NH4)2SO4使NH4^+-N质量浓度维持在0.5g/L。采用此工艺进行补料分批发酵,ε-PL最高产量达到27.67g/L,与对照组相比提高了17.72%。

Linear spatial instability analysis in 3D boundary layers using plane-marching 3D-LPSE

It is widely accepted that a robust and efficient method to compute the linear spatial amplified rate ought to be developed in three-dimensional （3D） boundary layers to predict the transition with the e^N method, especially when the boundary layer varies significantly in the spanwise direction. The 3D-linear parabolized stability equation （3D- LPSE） approach, a 3D extension of the two-dimensional LPSE （2D-LPSE）, is developed with a plane-marching procedure for investigating the instability of a 3D boundary layer with a significant spanwise variation. The method is suitable for a full Mach number region, and is validated by computing the unstable modes in 2D and 3D boundary layers, in both global and local instability problems. The predictions are in better agreement with the ones of the direct numerical simulation （DNS） rather than a 2D-eigenvalue problem （EVP） procedure. These results suggest that the plane-marching 3D-LPSE approach is a robust, efficient, and accurate choice for the local and global instability analysis in 2D and 3D boundary layers for all free-stream Mach numbers.

An iterative data-driven turbulence modeling framework based on Reynolds stress representation

Data-driven turbulence modeling studies have reached such a stage that the basic framework is settled,but several essential issues remain that strongly affect the performance.Two problems are studied in the current research:(1)the processing of the Reynolds stress tensor and(2)the coupling method between the machine learning model and flow solver.For the Reynolds stress processing issue,we perform the theoretical derivation to extend the relevant tensor arguments of Reynolds stress.Then,the tensor representation theorem is employed to give the complete irreducible invariants and integrity basis.An adaptive regularization term is employed to enhance the representation performance.For the coupling issue,an iterative coupling framework with consistent convergence is proposed and then applied to a canonical separated flow.The results have high consistency with the direct numerical simulation true values,which proves the validity of the current approach.