柴达木盆地卤水钾盐迁聚规律与找矿新突破

钾盐是我国大宗紧缺战略性“粮食”矿产,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。我国钾盐资源具有需求量大、对外依存度高等特点,寻找新的钾盐矿床、形成新的大型钾盐资源基地刻不容缓。2023年,中国地质调查局组织开展青海柴达木盆地钾盐“增储保供”地质调查工作,在前期对柴达木盆地成盐聚钾规律性认识的基础上,于柴西北大浪滩—黑北凹地部署实施了“探采一体化”柴钾1井,钻获1021.95 m(井深111.54~1133.49 m)巨厚松散砂砾储卤层,全井段抽卤试验获日稳定涌水量8586 m^(3)/d、水位降深11.3 m、单位涌水量759.89 m^(3)/d·m、氯化钾平均含量为0.54%的高产工业品位“砂砾型”卤水钾矿,取得了柴达木盆地陆相深层卤水钾盐找矿新突破,为形成中国新的亿吨级大型钾盐基地夯实了资源基础。

基于声子晶体的高速列车地板支撑层隔声研究

随着高速列车运营速度不断提高,轨道交通产生的振动噪声会严重影响列车的车内声环境,进而降低乘坐舒适性,因此针对列车噪声源部位的车体隔声设计至关重要。目前的隔声措施能够有效控制车内中高频噪声,而对于低频噪声的抑制效果还有待进一步提升。声子晶体是一种具有弹性波带隙的周期性结构材料,该结构不需要大尺寸即可在局域共振作用下形成低频带隙,进而抑制弹性波的传播从而起到低频降噪作用。基于声子晶体周期性理论,以车辆转向架部位地板的木骨支撑层为对象,研究声子晶体在木骨支撑层隔声中的应用,系统分析声子晶体结构的带隙特性和隔声特性以及基于声子晶体结构的支撑层隔声性能。研究结果表明:通过改变结构形式及其参数可实现对于声子晶体结构的带隙形成频带及其隔声特性的人为设计和控制;以高速列车地板中的木骨结构为对象,结合声子晶体理论将其设计为木骨和声子晶体组合结构形式,不仅能够保持声子晶体在0~220 Hz低频段和620~710 Hz频段优越的隔声性能,同时可极大提升220~620 Hz频段的隔声性能;既维持该层结构的支撑作用,又能很好提升隔声性能,在高速列车地板设计中具有很强的有效性和适用性。

直立插板式声屏障屏体板降噪性能优化

随着轨道交通的快速发展,其造成的噪声污染问题已引起了人们的广泛关注,运用声屏障去处理这类噪声污染问题是目前最行之有效的措施之一。文章以使用最广泛的直立插板式阻性声屏障屏体板为研究对象,基于多孔材料等效流体理论,建立了相关吸/隔声有限元模型,计算了前罩板不同开孔工况下声屏障的吸/隔声性能,对其吸/隔声性能进行了系统研究,并提出了一种在不改变原有声屏障结构的基础上设置空气背腔的优化方案,进一步分析了该优化措施对原有声屏障吸/隔声能力的提升效果。结果表明:在声源侧的开孔罩板开孔率为15%时,隔声量在频率小于1000 Hz时与无罩板相比无变化,在频率大于1000 Hz高于无声源侧罩板,普遍高1.5 dB左右,随着开孔率的增大,其隔声量优于无罩板的频率点逐渐向高频偏移,且优势逐渐减小;在保持开孔率不变的情况下,针对声屏障前罩板开较小孔径的孔洞更有利于提升声屏障的吸声性能;在多孔吸声材料后布置一定厚度的空气背腔,不仅能够在一定程度上提升其吸/隔声性能,而且也大量节省了声屏障的制造成本。

柴达木盆地别勒滩区段固体钾盐液化后矿物沉积特征

别勒滩区段是柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖固体钾矿的主要分布地区,也是企业固液转化进行生产的主要矿区。本文通过对别勒滩区段涩聂湖东北部生产区S2T3钻孔样品进行X射线粉晶衍射分析、扫描电镜能谱分析、化学元素分析、盐矿鉴定及物性参数分析,研究该地区固体钾盐液化后地层中矿物的沉积特征。经调查,液化后地层中主要的含钾矿物为杂卤石、光卤石和钾石盐,且以杂卤石为主,在2320 cm岩芯中分布最广、含量最高;根据沉积特征分析,2200~1700 cm地层中的杂卤石多为准同生沉积阶段形成的原生杂卤石,呈竹片状、花瓣状和绒球状等与石盐共生,而1000~1700 cm层位杂卤石则为后生交代成因。涩聂湖东北部1000~1700 cm以及300 cm以上层位是S2T3钻孔中光卤石含量最高的地层,可为下一步固液转化生产靶区选取提供参考;300~500 cm地层为杂卤石含量最高层位,既有后生交代形成的杂卤石也有现阶段正在生成的杂卤石,可为后续杂卤石开发研究提供材料与参考。

柴达木盆地托素湖现生Eucypris mareotica壳体微量元素环境指示意义研究

通过2018年4月采集的托素湖不同区域的现生介形虫及其寄生水体,研究Eucypris mareotica壳体微量元素与环境之间的相关关系。结果表明,托素湖E.mareotica壳体Mg离子含量与水体Mg离子和温度均无明显的线性关系。在单一温度下,壳体Li/Ca比值与温度的相关性不明显,而壳体Mg/Ca比值与温度呈较好的正相关关系。褡裢河入湖口处的E.mareotica壳体Mg/Ca比值随温度升高而明显降低,指示托素湖地区E.mareotica壳体Mg/Ca比值至少受温度和盐度两种环境因子的控制。相比Mg的分配系数KD(Mg),Li的分配系数KD(Li)与温度之间的相关性更明显,随着温度的升高,KD(Li)逐渐下降,我们通过二者之间的数据拟合,建立了基于E.mareotica壳体KD(Li)的温度定量转换公式。E.mareotica壳体Sr/Ca和Ba/Ca比值平稳的变化趋势与稳定的水体盐度吻合,指示在托素湖地区壳体Sr/Ca和Ba/Ca比值可以用于指示水体盐度变化。壳体Mn/Ca随水体深度的增加而增加,二者具有较好的线性关系,基于此建立了E.mareotica壳体Mn/Ca与水体深度之间的定量转换公式。温度和深度定量转换公式的建立,可为托素湖地区古环境定量重建提供依据和参考,但后续还需要采集更多的样品以及进行更精细、更广泛温度、盐度范围条件下的室内培养试验来对定量转换公式进行验证和完善,以期为柴达木盆地乃至青藏高原古环境定量重建提供一种可靠的代用指标。

Microstructure,Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Thick 6061-T6 Alloy/T2 Pure Cu Dissimilar Joints Produced by Double Side Friction Stir Z Shape Lap-Butt Welding

A novel double side friction stir Z shape lap-butt welding(DS-FSZW)process was proposed to achieve excellent mechanical properties of Al/Cu medium-thick dissimilar joints.The influence of welding parameters on weld microstructure and properties of DS-FSZW joint were systematically investigated.It indicated that defect-free medium-thick Al/Cu DS-FSZW joint could be achieved under an optimal welding parameter.DS-FSZW joint was prone to form void defects in the bottom of the second-pass weld.The recrystallization mechanisms at the top and middle of the weld nugget zone(WNZ)were continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)and geometric dynamic recrystallization(GDRX).While the major recrystallization mechanism at the bottom of the WNZ was GDRX.DS-FSZW joint of the optimal welding condition with 850 r/min-400 mm/min was produced with a continuous thin and crack-free IMCs layer at the Al/Cu interface,and the maximum tensile strength of this joint is 160.57 MPa,which is equivalent to 65.54%of pure Cu base material.Moreover,the corrosion resistance of Al/Cu DS-FSZW joints also achieved its maximum value at the optimal welding parameter of 850 r/min-400 mm/min.It demonstrates that the DS-FSZW process can simultaneously produce medium-thick Al/Cu joints with excellent mechanical performance and corrosion resistance.

Clinical outcomes of second-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma:a real-world study

Objective:Little progress has been made in recent years using first-line chemotherapy,including gemcitabine combined with nab-paclitaxel,FOLFIRINOX,and NALIRIFOX,for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma(APC).In addition,the optimal second-line chemotherapy regimen has not been determined.This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different types of second-line chemotherapy for APC.Methods:Patients with APC who received first-line treatment from January 2008 to January 2021 were considered eligible for this retrospective analysis.The primary and secondary endpoints were overall survival(OS)and progression-free survival(PFS),respectively.Results:Four hundred and thirty-seven and 617 patients were treated with 5-fluorouracil-and gemcitabine-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment,respectively.Demographic and clinical features,except age and liver metastasis,were comparable between the two groups(P<0.05).The median OS was 8.8 and 7.8 months in patients who received a 5-fluorouracil-and gemcitabine-based combined regimen for first-line therapy,respectively(HR=1.244,95%CI=1.090–1.419;P<0.001).The median OS was 5.6 and 1.9 months in patients who received second-line chemotherapy and supportive care,respectively(HR=0.766,95%CI=0.677–0.867;P<0.001).The median PFS was not significantly differently between gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil monotherapy and combination therapy.Conclusions:A 5-fluorouracil-or gemcitabine-based combined regimen was shown to be as effective as a single 5-fluorouracil or gemcitabine regimen as second-line therapy for patients with APC.

Prognostic significance of grade of malignancy based on histopathological differentiation and Ki-67 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Objective:Tumor cell malignancy is indicated by histopathological differentiation and cell proliferation.Ki-67,an indicator of cellular proliferation,has been used for tumor grading and classification in breast cancer and neuroendocrine tumors.However,its prognostic significance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)remains uncertain.Methods:Patients who underwent radical pancreatectomy for PDAC were retrospectively enrolled,and relevant prognostic factors were examined.Grade of malignancy(GOM),a novel index based on histopathological differentiation and Ki-67,is proposed,and its clinical significance was evaluated.Results:The optimal threshold for Ki-67 was determined to be 30%.Patients with a Ki-67 expression level>30%rather than≤30%had significantly shorter 5-year overall survival(OS)and recurrence-free survival(RFS).In multivariate analysis,both histopathological differentiation and Ki-67 were identified as independent prognostic factors for OS and RFS.The GOM was used to independently stratify OS and RFS into 3 tiers,regardless of TNM stage and other established prognostic factors.The tumor-nodemetastasis-GOM stage was used to stratify survival into 5 distinct tiers,and surpassed the predictive performance of TNM stage for OS and RFS.Conclusions:Ki-67 is a valuable prognostic indicator for PDAC.Inclusion of the GOM in the TNM staging system may potentially enhance prognostic accuracy for PDAC.

Optimal decision-making method for equipment maintenance to enhance the resilience of power digital twin system under extreme disaster

Digital twins and the physical assets of electric power systems face the potential risk of data loss and monitoring failures owing to catastrophic events,causing surveillance and energy loss.This study aims to refine maintenance strategies for the monitoring of an electric power digital twin system post disasters.Initially,the research delineates the physical electric power system along with its digital counterpart and post-disaster restoration processes.Subsequently,it delves into communication and data processing mechanisms,specifically focusing on central data processing(CDP),communication routers(CRs),and phasor measurement units(PMUs),to re-establish an equipment recovery model based on these data transmission methodologies.Furthermore,it introduces a mathematical optimization model designed to enhance the digital twin system’s post-disaster monitoring efficacy by employing the branch-and-bound method for its resolution.The efficacy of the proposed model was corroborated by analyzing an IEEE-14 system.The findings suggest that the proposed branch-and-bound algorithm significantly augments the observational capabilities of a power system with limited resources,thereby bolstering its stability and emergency response mechanisms.

Analysis on the causes of massive stranding of Yellow Sea green tide on Lianyungang and Rizhao coasts in 2022

In 2022,Yellow Sea green tide caused by Ulva prolifera reached a historic minimum and the coastal areas of Shandong Peninsula were less affected.However,the largest amount of seaweed biomass has been washed ashore on Lianyungang and Rizhao coasts since 2015.We studied the development pattern of Yellow Sea green tide in 2022,and analyzed the key environmental factors on the growth and drifting,then discussed the possible reasons that resulted in the massive stranding of green tide biomass in Lianyungang and Rizhao.Results show under the combined influence of the east to southeast winds and currents with shoreward anomalies,green tide drifted to the coastal waters between Shandong and Jiangsu provinces and the distribution areas located westward compared with previous years(2008–2021).Floating U.prolifera rafts from the coastal waters of Binhai and Sheyang drifted continuously into the coastal waters of Lianyungang and Rizhao,providing important supplements for Yellow Sea green tide.Because green tide in 2022 distributed close to the coastal waters,the abundant nutrients might support their continuous high growth rate.In addition,the amount of rainfall around Shandong Peninsula from late June to early July were significantly higher than in previous years,which might promote the development of green tide to some extent.

Summer Warming Limited Bud Output Drives a Decline in Daughter Shoot Biomass through Reduced Photosynthetis of Parent Shoots in Leymus chinensis Seedlings

Understanding how summer warming influences the parent and daughter shoot production in a perennial clonal grass is vital for comprehending the response of grassland productivity to global warming.Here,we conducted a simulated experiment using potted Leymus chinensis,to study the relationship between the photosynthetic activ-ity of parent shoots and the production of daughter shoots under a whole(90 days)summer warming scenario(+3°C).The results showed that the biomass of parents and buds decreased by 25.52%and 33.45%,respectively,under warming conditions.The reduction in parent shoot biomass due to warming directly resulted from decreased leaf area(18.03%),chlorophyll a(18.27%),chlorophyll b(29.21%)content,as well as a reduction in net photosynthetic rate(7.32%)and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II(PSII)photochemistry(4.29%).The decline in daughter shoot biomass was linked to a decrease in daughter shoot number(33.33%)by warming.However,the number of belowground buds increased by 46.43%.The results indicated that long-term summer warming reduces biomass accumulation in parent shoot by increasing both limitation of stoma and non-stoma.Consequently,the parent shoot allocates relatively more biomass to the belowground organs to maintain the survival and growth of buds.Overall,buds,as a potential aboveground population,could remedy for the cur-rent loss of parent shoot density by increasing the number of future daughter shoots if summer warming subsides.

美罗培南负荷剂量两步输注法治疗重症感染疗效的回顾性分析

目的探讨美罗培南负荷剂量两步输注法治疗重症感染患者与传统间歇静滴法比较,是否能获得更高的临床疗效及细菌学疗效。方法采用回顾性研究方法,收集某院2022年使用美罗培南治疗重症感染患者病例,对比分析评价两种给药方案治疗的主要临床有效性参数(白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比率、降钙素原水平)、微生物学有效性参数(细菌清除率)及药品不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者的临床有效率、细菌清除率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗第7天及停药当天,两组中性粒细胞比率下降值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组均未发生药品不良反应。结论美罗培南负荷剂量两步输注法治疗重症感染的有效性及安全性可能与传统间歇静滴法一致,但部分指标的临床改善情况可能优于传统间歇静滴法。

高速列车轮轨噪声控制的新型声屏障设计方法研究

我国轨道交通的基础建设已得到快速发展。随着新版《中华人民共和国噪声污染防治法》的实施,轨道交通对于沿线声环境的污染防治也将成为后期重点关注的问题之一,因此有必要提高轨道交通重要降噪设备声屏障在隔声性能方面的要求;针对轨道交通轮轨噪声的频段范围,基于Bragg带隙机理提出了三种针对轨道交通轮轨噪声的新型的二维气-固声子晶体型能带结构设计方案,分析了三种设计方案对应的带隙特性,并通过声传递损失评价了三种设计方案的隔声效果。研究表明:结合声子晶体理论设计的能带结构排布方式,能够对特定频段内的轮轨噪声形成高效的阻隔;通过合理设计散射体的布置形式和几何参数,可进一步实现特定多频段的有效隔声;将提出的方案应用于声屏障设计,能针对性地提升声屏障的隔声性能。

推动振兴中西部高等教育大发展——《迈向公平之路——慕课西部行发展报告》序言二

“慕课西部行计划”是教育部支持下,各地、各校利用数字技术开启建设教育强国的全新探索。在1.0阶段(2013—2021年),以慕课为抓手,解决西部高校普遍缺乏通识课的“燃眉之急”,精准对接西部高校部分缺少专业课的“当务之需”。在2.0阶段(2021年以后),以慕课为主体丰富建设内涵,不仅将实验资源、图书文献纳入计划之中,同时不断创新教学、管理和组织模式,助力实现更高效、更公平和可持续的高等教育。

Effects of fluorination on crystal structure and electrochemical performance of antiperovskite solid electrolytes

The development of all-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs)depends on exploiting solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)with high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability.Fluorination is generally considered to be an effective strategy to improve the ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of inorganic SSEs.Here,we report the partial fluorination of the chlo rine sites in an antiperovskite,by which the orthorhombic Li_(2)OHCl was transformed into cubic Li_(2)OHCl_(0.9)F_(0.1),resulting in a fourfold increase in ionic conductivity at 30℃.The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations suggest that both the crystal symmetry and the anions electronegativity influence the diffusion of Li+in the antiperovskite structure.Besides,from the perspective of experiments and calculations,it is confirmed that fluorination is a feasible method to improve the electrochemical stability of antiperovskite SSEs.The LiFePO_(4)|Li cell based on Li_(2)OHCl_(0.9)F_(0.1) is also assembled and exhibits stable cycle performance,which indicates that fluorination of antiperovskite SSEs is an effective way to produce high-performance SSEs for practical application of ASSLBs.

Nuclear PLD1 combined with NPM1 induces gemcitabine resistance through tumorigenic IL7R in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Objective:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a highly malignant gastrointestinal cancer with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%.Of PDAC patients,15%-20%are eligible for radical surgery.Gemcitabine is an important chemotherapeutic agent for patients with PDAC;however,the efficacy of gemcitabine is limited due to resistance.Therefore,reducing gemcitabine resistance is essential for improving survival of patients with PDAC.Identifying the key target that determines gemcitabine resistance in PDAC and reversing gemcitabine resistance using target inhibitors in combination with gemcitabine are crucial steps in the quest to improve survival prognosis in patients with PDAC.Methods:We constructed a human genome-wide CRISPRa/dCas 9 overexpression library in PDAC cell lines to screen key targets of drug resistance based on sgRNA abundance and enrichment.Then,co-IP,ChIP,ChIP-seq,transcriptome sequencing,and qPCR were used to determine the specific mechanism by which phospholipase D1(PLD1)confers resistance to gemcitabine.Results:PLD1 combines with nucleophosmin 1(NPM1)and triggers NPM1 nuclear translocation,where NPM1 acts as a transcription factor to upregulate interleukin 7 receptor(IL7R)expression.Upon interleukin 7(IL-7)binding,IL7R activates the JAK1/STAT5 signaling pathway to increase the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein,BCL-2,and induce gemcitabine resistance.The PLD1 inhibitor,Vu0155069,targets PLD1 to induce apoptosis in gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells.Conclusions:PLD1 is an enzyme that has a critical role in PDAC-associated gemcitabine resistance through a non-enzymatic interaction with NPM1,further promoting the downstream JAK1/STAT5/Bcl-2 pathway.Inhibiting any of the participants of this pathway can increase gemcitabine sensitivity.

Amorphous gallium oxide homojunction-based optoelectronic synapse for multi-functional signal processing

In the era of accelerated development in artificial intelligence as well as explosive growth of information and data throughput,underlying hardware devices that can integrate perception and memory while simultaneously offering the bene-fits of low power consumption and high transmission rates are particularly valuable.Neuromorphic devices inspired by the human brain are considered to be one of the most promising successors to the efficient in-sensory process.In this paper,a homojunction-based multi-functional optoelectronic synapse(MFOS)is proposed and testified.It enables a series of basic electri-cal synaptic plasticity,including paired-pulse facilitation/depression(PPF/PPD)and long-term promotion/depression(LTP/LTD).In addition,the synaptic behaviors induced by electrical signals could be instead achieved through optical signals,where its sen-sitivity to optical frequency allows the MFOS to simulate high-pass filtering applications in situ and the perception capability integrated into memory endows it with the information acquisition and processing functions as a visual system.Meanwhile,the MFOS exhibits its performances of associative learning and logic gates following the illumination with two different wave-lengths.As a result,the proposed MFOS offers a solution for the realization of intelligent visual system and bionic electronic eye,and will provide more diverse application scenarios for future neuromorphic computing.

Surgical treatment of pulsatile tinnitus related to the sigmoid sinus

Objective: Tinnitus-a common clinical symptom-can be categorized into pulsatile tinnitus(PT) and non-PT. Among these, PT is usually associated with sigmoid sinus symptoms, such as sigmoid sinus wall defect or diverticulum, for which various surgical treatments are available. We have discussed the clinical efficacy of surgery for sigmoid sinus-associated PT via the transmastoid approach in this study.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 4 patients who underwent surgery for sigmoid sinusassociated PT via the transmastoid approach at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January to December2020. Of these, 2 patients had sigmoid sinus wall defect and 2 had sigmoid sinus diverticulum. Postoperative tinnitus grading and surgical efficacy were determined.Results: After surgery, PT dissolved in 3 patients, while tinnitus significantly decreased in 1 patient.During the follow-up period of 12-18 months, none of the 4 patients showed complications related to increased intracranial pressure or venous sinus thrombosis, and tinnitus symptoms disappeared in 3patients without recurrence, although 1 patient occasionally developed tinnitus. Postoperative thin-slice CTA of the temporal bone indicated that the sigmoid sinus bone wall defect or diverticulum was completely repaired with a thick soft tissue coverage.Conclusion: Surgical repair of sigmoid sinus-associated PT via the transmastoid approach deserves clinical promotion as it exhibited better efficiency while being relatively less invasive.

Enhancing hydrophobicity via core-shell metal organic frameworks for high-humidity flue gas CO_(2) capture

Developing metal-organic framework(MOF)materials with the moisture-resistant feature is highly desirable for CO_(2)capture from highly humid flue gas.In this work,a new core-shell MOF@MOF composite using Mg-MOF-74 with high CO_(2)capture capacity as a functional core and hydrophobic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)as a protective shell is fabricated by the epitaxial growth method.Experimental results show that the CO_(2)adsorption performance of the core-shell structured Mg-MOF-74@ZIF-8 composites from water-containing flue gas is enhanced along with their improved hydrophobicity.The dynamic breakthrough results show that the Mg-MOF-74@ZIF-8 with three assembled layers(Mg-MOF-74@ZIF-8-3)can capture 3.56 mmol-g^(-1)CO_(2)from wet CO_(2)/N_(2)(VCO_(2):V_(N_(2))=15:85)mixtures,which outperforms Mg-MOF-74(0.37 mmol·g^(-1))and most of the reported physisorbents.

Genome resequencing reveals the evolutionary history of garlic reproduction traits

The propagation of cultivated garlic relies on vegetative cloves,thus flowers become non-essential for reproduction in this species,driving the evolution of reproductive feature-derived traits.To obtain insights into the evolutionary alteration of reproductive traits in the clonally propagated garlic,the evolutionary histories of two main reproduction-related traits,bolting and flower differentiation,were explored by genome analyses using 134 accessions displaying wide diversity in these two traits.Resequencing identified 272.8 million variations in the garlic genome,198.0million of which represent novel variants.Population analysis identified five garlic groups that have evolved into two clades.Gene expression,single-cell transcriptome sequencing,and genome-wide trait association analyses have identified numerous candidates that correlate with reproductive transition and flower development,some of which display distinct selection signatures.Selective forces acting on the B-box zinc finger protein-encoding Asa2G00291.1,the global transcription factor group E protein-encoding Asa5G01527.1,and VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-like Asa3G03399.1 appear to be representative of the evolution of garlic bolting.Plenty of novel genomic variations and trait-related candidates represent valuable resources for biological studies of garlic.Numerous selective signatures from genes associated with the two chosen reproductive traits provide important insights into the evolutionary history of reproduction in this clonally propagated crop.