Summary What is already known about this topic?Hospitals have experienced a surge in admissions due to the increasing number of Omicron cases.Understanding the epidemiological features of coronavirus disease 2019(COVI...Summary What is already known about this topic?Hospitals have experienced a surge in admissions due to the increasing number of Omicron cases.Understanding the epidemiological features of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and the strain it places on hospitals will provide scientific evidence to help policymakers better prepare for and respond to future outbreaks.What is added by this report?The case fatality rate of COVID-19 was 1.4 per 1,000 persons during the Omicron wave.展开更多
Recent Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicle emission standards are the first ever initiative to control particles on a number basis at the source. Related standards are also desirable for ambient nanoparticles （taken in this ar...Recent Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicle emission standards are the first ever initiative to control particles on a number basis at the source. Related standards are also desirable for ambient nanoparticles （taken in this article to be those below 300 rim） to protect against possible adverse effects on public health and the environment. However, there are a number of technical challenges that need to be tackled before developing a regulatory framework for atmospheric nanoparticles. Some of the challenges derive from a lack of standardisation of the key measurement parameters, including sampling, necessary for robust evaluation of particle number concentrations, especially in the context of insufficient knowledge of the physicochemical characteristics of emerging sources （i.e. bio-fuel derived and manufactured nanoparti- cles）. Ideally, ambient concentrations of primary particles could be linked to primary particle emissions by use of nanoparticle dispersion models, and secondary nanoparticles using photochemical modeling tools. The limitations in these areas are discussed. Although there is inadequate information on the exact biological mechanism through which these particles cause harm, it is argued that this should not in itself delay the introduction of regulation. This article reviews the missing links between the existing knowledge of nanoparticle number concentrations and the advances required to tackle the technical challenges implied in developing regulations.展开更多
While fire is an inherent part of the Australian landscape,the bushfires that occurred in eastern Australia from September 2019 to early February 2020 were unprecedented(Figure 1).Bushfires across the nation burned mo...While fire is an inherent part of the Australian landscape,the bushfires that occurred in eastern Australia from September 2019 to early February 2020 were unprecedented(Figure 1).Bushfires across the nation burned more than 12.6 million hectares(an area slightly bigger than Belgium,Denmark,and the Netherlands combined),emitted about 430 tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere(about three-quarters of the country's total annual carbon dioxide emissions),directly caused at least 33 deaths and over one billion animals were killed(https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2020-03-05/bushfire-crisis-five-big-numbers/12007716).展开更多
基金Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Carethe Australian Bureau of Statistics+2 种基金Our World in DataChina Scholarship Council(CSC)National Health and Medical Research Council(Grant No.2008937).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Hospitals have experienced a surge in admissions due to the increasing number of Omicron cases.Understanding the epidemiological features of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and the strain it places on hospitals will provide scientific evidence to help policymakers better prepare for and respond to future outbreaks.What is added by this report?The case fatality rate of COVID-19 was 1.4 per 1,000 persons during the Omicron wave.
基金an EPSRC grant(EP/H026290/1),awarded to PK,on nanoparticles dispersion invehicle wakes
文摘Recent Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicle emission standards are the first ever initiative to control particles on a number basis at the source. Related standards are also desirable for ambient nanoparticles （taken in this article to be those below 300 rim） to protect against possible adverse effects on public health and the environment. However, there are a number of technical challenges that need to be tackled before developing a regulatory framework for atmospheric nanoparticles. Some of the challenges derive from a lack of standardisation of the key measurement parameters, including sampling, necessary for robust evaluation of particle number concentrations, especially in the context of insufficient knowledge of the physicochemical characteristics of emerging sources （i.e. bio-fuel derived and manufactured nanoparti- cles）. Ideally, ambient concentrations of primary particles could be linked to primary particle emissions by use of nanoparticle dispersion models, and secondary nanoparticles using photochemical modeling tools. The limitations in these areas are discussed. Although there is inadequate information on the exact biological mechanism through which these particles cause harm, it is argued that this should not in itself delay the introduction of regulation. This article reviews the missing links between the existing knowledge of nanoparticle number concentrations and the advances required to tackle the technical challenges implied in developing regulations.
文摘While fire is an inherent part of the Australian landscape,the bushfires that occurred in eastern Australia from September 2019 to early February 2020 were unprecedented(Figure 1).Bushfires across the nation burned more than 12.6 million hectares(an area slightly bigger than Belgium,Denmark,and the Netherlands combined),emitted about 430 tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere(about three-quarters of the country's total annual carbon dioxide emissions),directly caused at least 33 deaths and over one billion animals were killed(https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2020-03-05/bushfire-crisis-five-big-numbers/12007716).
