Assessing the performance of YOLOv5 algorithm for detecting volunteer cotton plants in corn fields at three different growth stages

The feral or volunteer cotton(VC)plants when reach the pinhead squaring phase(5–6 leaf stage)can act as hosts for the boll weevil(Anthonomus grandis L.)pests.The Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Program(TBWEP)employs people to locate and eliminate VC plants growing by the side of roads or fields with rotation crops but the ones growing in the middle of fields remain undetected.In this paper,we demonstrate the application of computer vision(CV)algorithm based on You Only Look Once version 5(YOLOv5)for detecting VC plants growing in the middle of corn fields at three different growth stages(V3,V6 and VT)using unmanned aircraft systems(UAS)remote sensing imagery.All the four variants of YOLOv5(s,m,l,and x)were used and their performances were compared based on classification accuracy,mean average precision(mAP)and F1-score.It was found that YOLOv5s could detect VC plants with maximum classification accuracy of 98%and mAP of 96.3%at V6 stage of corn while YOLOv5s and YOLOv5m resulted in the lowest classification accuracy of 85%and YOLOv5m and YOLOv5l had the least mAP of 86.5%at VT stage on images of size 416×416 pixels.The developed CV algorithm has the potential to effectively detect and locate VC plants growing in the middle of corn fields as well as expedite the management aspects of TBWEP.