As immunotoxicity assessments of newly developed biomaterials are often restricted to use in assessment of local tissue response at the implantation site,they do not always show an immune response acceptable to qualif...As immunotoxicity assessments of newly developed biomaterials are often restricted to use in assessment of local tissue response at the implantation site,they do not always show an immune response acceptable to qualify them for clinical use.We tested a new method to assess systemic toxicity:counting the CD4^(+) and CD8^(+) cells in the spleen.Three different biomaterials were subcutaneously implanted in three groups of rats for the same time period.After 31 days,their spleens were harvested,and CD4^(+) and CD8^(+) cells were counted.The mean CD4^(+)/CD8^(+) cell counts were 24.563.6/19.864.0(porous collagen matrix group),25.567.1/21.663.8[synthetic collagen matrix(DuragenVR)group]and 28.164.1/19.663.7(porcine dermis group).Differences in cell counts were not significant.The immunotoxic response generated against porous collagen matrix was comparable to that produced by a similar biomaterial already used clinically.This is,to the best of our knowledge,the first study on cytotoxic lymphocytes in the spleen to quantify systemic immune response to a biomaterial;however,such studies have been conducted with bacterial and viral antigens,and with vaccines.We believe that the present study provides a viable method for larger studies to confirm our current findings.展开更多
This volume brings together accounts of biographies of women covering a span of history from the Han dynasty to the mid-twentieth century. Its aim is to define and provide interpretive clues on the genre. It is, as th...This volume brings together accounts of biographies of women covering a span of history from the Han dynasty to the mid-twentieth century. Its aim is to define and provide interpretive clues on the genre. It is, as the editors Joan Judge and Flu Ying point out, partly a study of epistemology, as many of the authors grapple with the issue of whether or not historians can claim to know the lives, including the inner worlds, of Chinese women through time, using biographical information. That seems to me a bit of a ＂straw wo/man,＂ for knowledge of historical subjects is always mediated by sources. Nonetheless, the contributors, writing from the perspective of history or literature studies, bring a wide variety of viewpoints to bear on questions of the usefulness of women＇s biography for tmderstanding changes in society, and in the process introduce some fascinating Chinese women.展开更多
文摘As immunotoxicity assessments of newly developed biomaterials are often restricted to use in assessment of local tissue response at the implantation site,they do not always show an immune response acceptable to qualify them for clinical use.We tested a new method to assess systemic toxicity:counting the CD4^(+) and CD8^(+) cells in the spleen.Three different biomaterials were subcutaneously implanted in three groups of rats for the same time period.After 31 days,their spleens were harvested,and CD4^(+) and CD8^(+) cells were counted.The mean CD4^(+)/CD8^(+) cell counts were 24.563.6/19.864.0(porous collagen matrix group),25.567.1/21.663.8[synthetic collagen matrix(DuragenVR)group]and 28.164.1/19.663.7(porcine dermis group).Differences in cell counts were not significant.The immunotoxic response generated against porous collagen matrix was comparable to that produced by a similar biomaterial already used clinically.This is,to the best of our knowledge,the first study on cytotoxic lymphocytes in the spleen to quantify systemic immune response to a biomaterial;however,such studies have been conducted with bacterial and viral antigens,and with vaccines.We believe that the present study provides a viable method for larger studies to confirm our current findings.
文摘This volume brings together accounts of biographies of women covering a span of history from the Han dynasty to the mid-twentieth century. Its aim is to define and provide interpretive clues on the genre. It is, as the editors Joan Judge and Flu Ying point out, partly a study of epistemology, as many of the authors grapple with the issue of whether or not historians can claim to know the lives, including the inner worlds, of Chinese women through time, using biographical information. That seems to me a bit of a ＂straw wo/man,＂ for knowledge of historical subjects is always mediated by sources. Nonetheless, the contributors, writing from the perspective of history or literature studies, bring a wide variety of viewpoints to bear on questions of the usefulness of women＇s biography for tmderstanding changes in society, and in the process introduce some fascinating Chinese women.
