Airfoil Shape Optimisation Using a Multi-Fidelity Surrogate-Assisted Metaheuristic with a New Multi-Objective Infill Sampling Technique

This work presents multi-fidelity multi-objective infill-sampling surrogate-assisted optimization for airfoil shape optimization.The optimization problem is posed to maximize the lift and drag coefficient ratio subject to airfoil geometry constraints.Computational Fluid Dynamic(CFD)and XFoil tools are used for high and low-fidelity simulations of the airfoil to find the real objective function value.A special multi-objective sub-optimization problem is proposed for multiple points infill sampling exploration to improve the surrogate model constructed.To validate and further assess the proposed methods,a conventional surrogate-assisted optimization method and an infill sampling surrogate-assisted optimization criterion are applied with multi-fidelity simulation,while their numerical performance is investigated.The results obtained show that the proposed technique is the best performer for the demonstrated airfoil shape optimization.According to this study,applying multi-fidelity with multi-objective infill sampling criteria for surrogate-assisted optimization is a powerful design tool.

Optimal Unification of Static and Dynamic Features for Smartphone Security Analysis

Android Smartphones are proliferating extensively in the digital world due to their widespread applications in a myriad offields.The increased popularity of the android platform entices malware developers to design malicious apps to achieve their malevolent intents.Also,static analysis approaches fail to detect run-time behaviors of malicious apps.To address these issues,an optimal unification of static and dynamic features for smartphone security analysis is proposed.The proposed solution exploits both static and dynamic features for generating a highly distinct unified feature vector using graph based cross-diffusion strategy.Further,a unified feature is subjected to the fuzzy-based classification model to distinguish benign and malicious applications.The suggested framework is extensively experimentally validated through both qualitative and quantitative analysis and results are compared with the existing solutions.Performance evaluation over benchmarked datasets from Google Play Store,Drebin,Androzoo,AMD,and CICMalDroid2020 revealed that the suggested solution outperforms state-of-the-art methods.We achieve average detection accuracy of 98.62%and F1 Score of 0.9916.

Neuroprotective Effect of Chrysophanol as a PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Inhibitor in an Experimental Model of Autologous Blood-induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)refers to predominant,sporadic,and non-traumatic bleeding in the brain parenchyma.The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is an important signal transduction pathway regulated by enzyme-linked receptors and has many biological functions in mammals.It plays a key role in neuronal metabolism,gene expression regulation,and tissue homeostasis in the healthy and diseased brain.Methods In the present study,the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor chrysophanol(CPH)(10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg,orally)in the improvement of ICH-associated neurological defects in rats was investigated.Autologous blood(20µL/5 min/unilateral/intracerebroventricular)mimics ICH-like defects involving cellular and molecular dysfunction and neurotransmitter imbalance.The current study also included various behavioral assessments to examine cognition,memory,and motor and neuromuscular coordination.The protein expression levels of PI3K,AKT,and mTOR as well as myelin basic protein and apoptotic markers,such as Bax,Bcl-2,and caspase-3,were examined using ELISA kits.Furthermore,the levels of various neuroinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were assessed.Additionally,the neurological severity score,brain water content,gross brain pathology,and hematoma size were used to indicate neurological function and brain edema.Results CPH was found to be neuroprotective by restoring neurobehavioral alterations and significantly reducing the elevated PI3K,AKT,and mTOR protein levels,and modulating the apoptotic markers such as Bax,Bcl-2,and caspase-3 in rat brain homogenate.CPH substantially reduced the inflammatory cytokines like interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor-α.CPH administration restored the neurotransmitters GABA,glutamate,acetylcholine,dopamine,and various oxidative stress markers.Conclusion Our results show that CPH may be a promising therapeutic approach for overcoming neuronal damage caused by the overexpression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in ICH-induced neurological dysfunctions in rats.

Advances in the design and manufacturing of novel freeform optics

Freeform optics has become the most prominent element of the optics industry. Advanced freeform optical designs supplementary to ultra-precision manufacturing and metrology techniques have upgraded the lifestyle, thinking, and observing power of existing humans.Imaginations related to space explorations, portability, accessibility have also witnessed sensible in today’s time with freeform optics. Present-day design methods and fabrications techniques applicable in the development of freeform optics and the market requirements are focussed and explained with the help of traditional and non-traditional optical applications. Over the years,significant research is performed in the emerging field of freeform optics, but no standards are established yet in terms of tolerances and definitions. We critically review the optical design methods for freeform optics considering the image forming and non-image forming applications. Numerous subtractive manufacturing technologies including figure correction methods and metrology have been developed to fabricate extreme modern freeform optics to satisfy the demands of various applications such as space, astronomy, earth science, defence,biomedical, material processing, surveillance, and many more. We described a variety of advanced technologies in manufacturing and metrology for novel freeform optics. Next, we also covered the manufacturing-oriented design scheme for advanced optics. We conclude this review with an outlook on the future of freeform optics design, manufacturing and metrology.

A Constant Gain and Miniaturized Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna for 5G Communication Applications

This paper proposes a stable gain and a compact Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna(AVA)for a 38GHz band of 5G communication.A novel compact AVA is designed to provide constant gain,high front to back ratio(FBR),and very high efficiency.The performance of the proposed AVA is enhanced with the help of a dielectric lens(DL)and corrugations.A rectangular-shaped DL is incorporated in conventional AVA(CAVA)to enhance its gain up to 1 dBi and the bandwidth by 1.8 GHz.Next,the rectangular corrugations are implemented in CAVA with lens(CAVA-L)to further improve the gain and bandwidth.The proposed AVA with lens and corrugations(AVA-LC)gives a constant and high gain of 8.2 to 9 dBi.The designed AVA-LC operates from 34 to 45GHz frequency which covers 38GHz(37.5 to 43.5 GHz)band of 5G applications.Further,the presented AVA-LC mitigates the back lobe and sidelobe levels,resulting in FBR and efficiency improvement.The FBR is in the range of 12.2 to 22 dB,and efficiency is 99%,almost constant.The AVA-LC is fabricated on Roger’s RT/duroid 5880 substrate,and it is tested to verify the simulated results.The proposed compact AVA-LC with high gain,an improved FBR,excellent efficiency,and stable radiation patterns is suitable for the 38GHz band of 5G devices.

Neurocysticercosis presenting as bipolar disorder: a case report

Neurocysticercosis is the most common neuro-parasitosis caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium.The most common manifestations include seizures and hydrocephalus.Psychiatric abnormalities are relatively rare but depressive symptoms are frequent in patients with neurocysticercosis.However,mania as a presentation is relatively rare.Pregnancy and the postpartum period are relatively vulnerable times and they can lead to reactivation of existing neurocysterci lesions.We are discussing the case of a 23-year old female patient with neurocysticercosis leading to the reactivation of lesions in the peripartum and postpartum period leading to bipolar affective disorder.Improvement in the patient was seen with a combination of antipsychotics,antihelmintics,antiepileptics and steroids,along with improved radiological signs of neurocysterci lesions.Although neurocysticercosis is a common illness,its prevalence presenting as a manic episode is merely 2.6%and,hence,missed easily.Therefore,it is important to rule out organic aetiology in patients even with a classic presentation of bipolar affective disorder and those having any other neurological symptoms and signs.

Fracture Bilateral Talus in Children

Talar body injuries are rare, particularly in children. To our knowledge, there has not been a single case report of bilateral talus fracture in a child till date. We report two cases of fracture bilateral talus in children. The first case is of a fracture separation of the distal tibial epiphysis and a fracture of the body of the talus with subluxation of ankle on right side and a fracture neck of talus on left side. The second is fracture bilateral talus with epiphyseal injury of left distal tibia. A minimal or undisplaced fracture of talus is less likely to undergo avascular necrosis than a displaced fracture but even with optimal treatment, avascular necrosis may still occur. It is of prime significance that these fractures should be diagnosed well in time to avert complications. Therefore an appropriate length of follow-up is required.

Appraisal of pollution and health risks associated with coal mine contaminated soil using multimodal statistical and Fuzzy-TOPSIS approaches

The present study assesses the concentration,probabilistic risk,source classification,and dietary risk arising from heavy metal(HMs)pollution in agricultural soils affected by coal mining in eastern part of India.Analyses of soil and rice plant indicated significantly elevated levels of HMs beyond the permissible limit in the contaminated zones(zone 1:PbSoil:108.24±72.97,CuSoil:57.26±23.91,CdSoil:8.44±2.76,CrSoil:180.05±46.90,NiSoil:70.79±25.06 mg/kg;PbGrain:0.96±0.8,CuGrain:8.6±5.1,CdGrain:0.65±0.42,CrGrain:4.78±1.89,NiGrain:11.74±4.38 mg/kg.zone 2:PbSoil:139.56±69.46,CuSoil:69.89±19.86,CdSoil:8.95±2.57,CrSoil:245.46±70.66,NiSoil:95.46±22.89 mg/kg;PbGrain:1.27±0.84,CuGrain:7.9±4.57,CdGrain:0.76±0.43,CrGrain:8.6±1.58,NiGrain:11.50±2.46 mg/kg)compared to the uncontaminated zone(zone 3).Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were computed based on the HMs concentration in the soil and rice grain,with Pb,Cr,and Ni identified as posing a high risk to human health.Monte Carlo simulation,the solubility-free ion activity model(FIAM),and severity adjusted margin of exposure(SAMOE)were employed to predict health risk.FIAM hazard quotient(HQ)values for Ni,Cr,Cd,and Pb were>1,indicating a significant non-carcinogenic risk.SAMOE(risk thermometer)results for contaminated zones ranged from low to moderate risk(CrSAMOE:0.05,and NiSAMOE:0.03).Fuzzy-TOPSIS and variable importance plots(from random forest)showed that Ni and Cr were mostly responsible for the toxicity in the rice plant,respectively.A self-organizing map for source classification revealed common origin for the studied HMs with zone 2 exhibiting the highest contamination.The positive matrix factorization model for the source apportionment identified coal mining and transportation as the predominant sources of HMs.Spatial distribution analysis indicated higher contamination near mining sites as compared to distant sampling sites.Consequently,this study will aid environmental scientists and policymakers controlling HM pollution in agricultural soils near coal mines.

Pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersion: A review of manufacturing strategies

Amorphous solid dispersions(ASDs)are popular for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.Various approaches have been employed to produce ASDs and novel techniques are emerging.This review provides an updated overview of manufacturing techniques for preparing ASDs.As physical stability is a critical quality attribute for ASD,the impact of formulation,equipment,and process variables,together with the downstream processing on physical stability of ASDs have been discussed.Selection strategies are proposed to identify suitable manufacturing methods,which may aid in the development of ASDs with satisfactory physical stability.

Protease inhibitors:recent advancement in its usage as a potential biocontrol agent for insect pest management

Plant derived protease inhibitors(PIs)are a promising defensin for crop im-provement and insect pest management.Although agronomist made significant efforts in utilizing PIs for managing insect pests.the potentials of PIs are still obscured.Insect ability to compensate nutrient starvation induced by dietary PI feeding using different strategies,that is,overexpression of PI-sensitive protease,expression of PI-insensitive proteases,degradation of PI,has made this innumerable collection of PIs worthless.A practical challenge for agronomist is to identify potent PI candidates,to limit insect compensatory responses and to elucidate insect compensatory and resistance mechanisms activated upon herbivory.This knowledge could be further efficiently utilized to identify potential targets for RNAi-mediated pest control.These vital genes of insects could be functionally anno-tated using the advanced gene-editing technique,CRISPR/Cas9.Contemporary research is exploiting different in silico and modern molecular biology techniques to utilize PIs in controlling insect pests efficiently.This review is structured to update recent advancements in this field,along with is chronological background.

Induced structural modifications in ZnS nanowires via physical state of catalyst:Highlights of 15R crystal phase

Peculiar and unique growth mechanisms involved in semiconductor nanowires(NWs)pave the way to the achievement of new crystallographic phases and remarkable material properties,and hence,studying polytypism in semiconductor NWs arouses a strong interest for the next generation of electronic and photonic applications.In this context,the growth of ZnS nanowires has been investigated,as bulk ZnS compound exhibits numerous unstable polytypes at high temperatures,but their stable occurrence is highly anticipated in a nanowire due to its special quasi-dimensional shape and growth modes.In this work,the idea is to provide a change in the growth mechanism via the physical state of catalyst droplet(liquid or solid)and hence,study the induced structural modifications in ZnS nanowires.The HRTEM images of VLS(via liquid alloyed catalyst)grown ZnS NWs show periodic stacking faults,which is precisely identified as a stacking sequence of cubic or hexagonal individual planes leading to an astonishing 15R crystal polymorph.This crystallographic phase is observed for the first time in nanowires.Contrastingly,NWs grown with VSS(via solid catalyst)show crystal polytypes of zinc blende and wurtzite.We calculate and discuss the role of cohesive energies in the formation of such ZnS polytypes.Further,we present the selection rules for the crystallization of such 15R structure in NWs and discuss the involved VLS and VSS growth mechanisms leading to the formation of different crystal phases.

Oxide ancillary ligand-based europium β-diketonate complexes and their enhanced luminosity

Ternary materials of europium complex with2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione(tmhd) ligand and aqua ligand as ancillary ligands have been prepared and characterized for various optoelectronic characteristics.Reactions of hydrated complex [Eu(tmhd)_(3)(H_(2)O)_(2)] proceeded with triphenylphosphine oxide(TPPO) and pyridine-N-oxide(PNO) ancillary ligands were studied to develop novel complexes. The prepared complexes show good thermal stability. A comparative investigation of preparedmaterials[Eu(tmhd)_(3)(H_(2)O)_(2)],[Eu(tmhd)_(3)(TPPO)_(2)] and [Eu(tmhd)_(3)(PNO)_(2)] was conducted for their luminescent behaviors in order to obtain the role of ancillary ligand in the enhancement of illumination amount generated from europium(Eu^(3+)) ion. Color coordinates of prepared ternary complexes such as[Eu(tmhd)_(3)(H_(2)O)_(2)]with(x = 0.54,y = 0.32),[Eu(tmhd)_(3)(TPPO)_(2)] with(x = 0.56, y = 0.32) and[Eu(tmhd)_(3)(PNO)_(2)] with(x = 0.57, y = 0.33) indicated that these materials exhibited bright red emission in visible region spectrum. The complexes show a proficient energy transport pathway from the ligands to the innermost Eu^(3+)by means of an ancillary ligand-sensitized luminescence process. Interaction between the metal and ligand results in a distinguished effect on quantum efficiency(η) as well as on Judd–Ofelt intensity factor(Ω_(2)) of the prepared materials.