EPS混合土地基-沉箱抗震性能振动台模型试验

采用振动台试验研究了饱和砂土地基(CSS)和EPS混合土地基(CES)两种地基模型下沉箱结构的抗震性能。对比了两种不同地基模型下土体动力响应特征及沉箱结构动力稳定性,探讨了动力作用下沉箱的受力状态及失稳机制,分析了EPS混合土地基对上部沉箱结构地震稳定性的影响。试验结果表明:振动过程中CES工况的超孔压发展速率明显低于CSS,EPS混合土可显著提高模型抗液化性能。墙后填土作用于沉箱的动土压力沿深度方向呈三角形分布,沉箱中部位置动土压力最大。CES工况沉箱动力响应,包括加速度、位移及转动角等均小于CSS,表现出更好的抗震性能。CES沉箱所受动土推力与惯性力存在明显的相位差,有利于提高沉箱结构的稳定性。

An optimized protocol using Steedman’s wax for high-sensitivity RNA in situ hybridization in shoot apical meristems and flower buds of cucumber

In situ mRNA hybridization(ISH)is a powerful tool for examining the spatiotemporal expression of genes in shoot apical meristems and flower buds of cucumber.The most common ISH protocol uses paraffin wax;however,embedding tissue in paraffin wax can take a long time and might result in RNA degradation and decreased signals.Here,we developed an optimized protocol to simplify the process and improve RNA sensitivity.We combined embedding tissue in low melting-point Steedman’s wax with processing tissue sections in solution,as in the whole-mount ISH method in the optimized protocol.Using the optimized protocol,we examined the expression patterns of the CLAVATA3(CLV3)and WUSCHEL(WUS)genes in shoot apical meristems and floral meristems of Cucumis sativus(cucumber)and Arabidopsis thaliana(Arabidopsis).The optimized protocol saved 4–5 days of experimental period compared with the standard ISH protocol using paraffin wax.Moreover,the optimized protocol achieved high signal sensitivity.The optimized protocol was successful for both cucumber and Arabidopsis,which indicates it might have general applicability to most plants.

A novel mutation in ACS11 leads to androecy in cucumber

Sex determination in plants gives rise to unisexual flowers. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying the production of unisexual flowers will help to clarify the process of sex determination in plants and allow researchers and farmers to harness heterosis. Androecious cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.) plants can be used as the male parent when planted alongside a gynoecious line to produce heterozygous seeds, thus reducing the cost of seed production. The isolation and characterization of additional androecious genotypes in varied backgrounds will increase the pool of available germplasm for breeding. Here, we discovered an androecious mutant in a previously generated ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized library of the cucumber inbred line ‘406’. Genetic analysis, whole-genome resequencing, and molecular marker-assisted verification demonstrated that a nonsynonymous mutation in the ethylene biosynthetic gene 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 11(ACS11) conferred androecy. The mutation caused an amino acid change from serine(Ser) to phenylalanine(Phe) at position 301(S301F). In vitro enzyme activity assays revealed that this S301F mutation leads to a complete loss of enzymatic activity. This study provides a new germplasm for use in cucumber breeding as the androecious male parent, and it offers new insights into the catalytic mechanism of ACS enzymes.

Allelochemical p-hydroxybenzoic acid inhibits root growth via regulating ROS accumulation in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)

Allelopathy is prevalent in agricultural ecosystems and mediated by plant-derived secondary metabolites(allelochemicals).Allelochemicals are released by donor plants and affect the root growth and development of receptor plants.Allelopathy is responsible for the continuous cropping obstacles in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.).p-Hydroxybenzoic acid(pHBA),an autotoxin from root exudates of cucumber,has been proposed to be an important allelopathic chemical.However,the molecular mechanism by which pHBA affect root growth and development in cucumber is unknown.Here,we found that pHBA treatment suppressed root growth of cucumber by reducing the meristem activity and cell length.This root growth defect is caused by reduced reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulation in root tips.After pHBA treatment,the expression levels of several ROS-scavenging-related genes were increased,including peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT)and metallothionein(MT).Moreover,exogenously application of salicylhydroxamate(SHAM),a peroxidase inhibitor,can partially restore the pHBA treatment induced root growth inhibition.Furthermore,we found that there is natural variation for the inhibitory effect of pHBA on root growth.We also showed that pHBA treatment could maintain higher level of ROS accumulated in the pHBA less sensitive cucumber than that in the pHBA-sensitive cucumber.These results suggest that pHBA inhibits root growth by reducing root tip ROS level in cucumber.

根部开槽对叶栅三维角区分离的控制研究

三维角区分离是压气机静子叶栅中固有的流动结构,对压气机性能有着重要的影响。本文对一PVD叶栅和一NACA65叶栅,在分析其通道内流动机理的基础上,提出了在叶片根部从压力面向吸力面开槽的控制角区分离的方法。数值研究了槽道出口位置对PVD叶栅性能及角区分离的控制作用,发现在保持槽道其他参数不变的情况下,存在一最优位置使得叶栅攻角特性最优;结合计算及实验测量的方法,验证了NACA65叶栅中叶根开槽控制角区分离的有效性。两个叶栅研究结果表明:叶根开槽可有效控制角区分离,减小叶栅损失,增大叶栅扩压能力,拓宽叶栅可用攻角范围。

离体射流对S809翼型气动性能的影响

在Re=5×10^(6)的条件下,分别在S809翼型前缘点附近不同位置处设置离体射流装置,改变射流动量的大小和射流口宽度,探究其对S809翼型气动性能的影响。并通过流场分析,研究这种流动控制手段有效的物理机理。结果表明:在射流装置位置和射流口宽度固定时,射流动量的大小对控制效果影响显著;在S809翼型表面附近设置微小离体射流装置后,即使关闭射流(射流动量为零时),也具有一定的流动分离控制效果;当射流动量逐渐增大时,射流能明显的减小流动分离泡的大小,降低阻力系数,同时可以有效提升升力系数,使得翼型的气动性能得到进一步显著提升。值得指出的是,射流口宽度与射流装置的位置对流动控制效果也具有一定的影响。

边界层吸气对圆柱绕流尾涡脱落结构及圆柱受力的影响

为抑制圆柱绕流时受到的涡激力、保护圆柱结构安全,通过施加边界层吸气控制圆柱在涡激效应下受到的周期力。采用数值模拟方法分析Re=200时吸气口位置和吸气强度对圆柱受力情况及尾涡脱落结构的影响。结果表明:当吸气口布置在60°、90°和120°位置时,添加吸气条件会显著减小圆柱受到的涡激力;吸气条件的引入对圆柱尾涡的脱落规律有显著的影响,相比较而言,吸气口位置对尾涡脱落结构的影响大于吸气强度;在圆柱受到的涡激力显著减小的情况下,圆柱尾部脱落的尾涡结构较之前有明显变化,由交替脱落的、方向相反的对涡变为不再脱落的、狭长的涡结构。